C2.2 - Bonding Flashcards
(36 cards)
What are typical properties of metals?
- Shiny
- Usually high MP and BP
- Solid (apart from mercury)
- Malleable
- Ductile
- Good conductors
What are typical properties of non-metal elements?
- Dull
- Usually low MP and BP
- About half are solid and half are gas at room
temperature - Brittle
- Non-ductile
- Poor conductors
- Insulators
How can metals and non metals be separated on the periodic table?
They can be separated by a zigzag boundary starting from under Boron.
What are chemical properties of a substance?
A chemical property is a characteristic of a substance that can only be determined by studying its chemical reactions.
What are two chemical properties of metals and non metals?
- Metals lose electrons to form positive ions, but
non- metal atoms gain electrons to form negative
ions. - Metal oxides produce alkaline solutions if
dissolved in water. - Non-metal oxides produce acidic solutions if
dissolved in water.
What does the electron structure of an element show?
The electronic structure of an element shows how the electrons are arranged in atoms.
What is the outer shell?
The outermost occupied shell in an atom is called the outer shell.
How is electron structure related to the Periodic Table?
- The last number equals the non-IUPAC group
number. - The number of numbers equals the period
number. - The sum of the numbers equals the atomic
number.
What is an ion?
An ion is a charged particle formed when an atom, or group of atoms, loses or gains electrons.
How do metals and non-metal form ions?
- Metal atoms lose electrons to form positive
ions. - Non-metal atoms gain electrons to form
negative ions. - Non metals and metals gain or lose electrons to
make a complete outer shell.
What does an electron diagram show and how do you draw one?
- An electron diagram represents the electronic
structure of an atom or ion. - Circle to represent each shell.
- Dots or crosses to represent its electrons - To also
represent which electrons are gained. - Charge written outside the brackets on the top
right. - Element symbol written in the centre
How do ionic compounds form?
- When a metal reacts with a non-metal, electrons
are transferred from the metal atoms to the non-
metal atoms so that they both achieve more stable
electronic structures. - Metal atoms become positively charged and non-
metals atoms become negative ions.
How can you model ionic compounds?
- You can model the ions in the ionic compounds
that is formed using a dot-and-cross diagram. - Electrons from one atom as dots.
- Electrons from the other atom as crosses.
What is the structure and bonding in ionic compounds?
- Giant ionic lattice.
- A structure of ionic compounds in which
oppositely charged ions are held in a regular and
repeating arrangement by strong electrostatic
forces of attraction. - Ionic bonding - Strong electrostatic forces of
attraction between oppositely charged ions.
What are the limitations of a ball-and-stick model representing an ionic compound?
- Ions are actually close together.
- Bonds are forces rather than physical objects
made from matter.
What is a covalent bond?
A covalent bond is a strong electrostatic force of attraction between the nuclei of two (bonded) atoms and their shared pair(s) of electrons.
How can covalent bonds be modelled?
- Using a dot-and-cross diagram.
- Electrons from one of the bonded atoms are
shown as dots. - Electrons from the other bonded atom are
shows as crosses - Each pair of electrons in the shared area
between the overlapping circles represent a
covalent bond. - Only outer shells are usually shown.
What is a simple molecule?
A molecule that contains only a few non-metal atoms covalently bonded.
What is the difference between the covalent bonds and the intermolecular forces of a simple molecule?
- Covalent bonds between the atoms in a simple
molecule are strong. - Intermolecular forces between the molecules are
weak.
What are the limitations of a displayed formula of a simple molecule?
Simple molecule have shapes, however a displayed formula does not show the three-dimensional shape of the molecule.
What is a giant covalent structure?
An arrangement of very many non-metal atoms joined by covalent bonds in a regular repeating arrangement.
How does diamond exist?
- As having a giant covalent structure.
- Each carbon atom is joined to four other carbon
atoms by covalent bonds.
How do you write the chemical formula of ionic compounds and giant covalent structures?
You use the empirical formula as there are many ions/very many atoms involved and it makes little sense to write a chemical formula with the huge numbers.
What is a polymer?
A substance with molecules made from many repeat units.
