c26GUdysfunction Flashcards
The nurse is conducting a staff in-service on renal ultrasounds. Which statement describes this diagnostic test?
a. Computed tomography uses external radiation to visualize the renal system.
b. Visualization of the renal system is accomplished without exposure to radiation or radioactive isotopes.
c. Contrast medium and x-rays allow for visualization of the renal system.
d. External radiation for x-ray films is used to visualize the renal system, before, during, and after voiding.
ANS: A
A renal ultrasound transmits ultrasonic waves through the renal parenchyma, allowing for visualization of the renal system without exposure to external beam radiation or radioactive isotopes. Computed tomography uses external radiation and sometimes contrast media to visualize the renal system. An intravenous pyelogram uses contrast medium and external radiation for x-ray films. The voiding cystourethrogram visualizes the renal system with injection of a contrast media into the bladder through the urethral opening and use of x-ray before, during, and after voiding.
The nurse is admitting a school-age child in acute renal failure with reduced glomerular filtration rate. Which urine test is the most useful clinical indication of glomerular filtration rate?
a. pH
b. Osmolality
c. Creatinine
d. Protein level
ANS: C
The most useful clinical indication of glomerular filtration is the clearance of creatinine. It is a substance that is freely filtered by the glomerulus and secreted by the renal tubule cells. The pH and osmolality are not estimates of glomerular filtration. Although protein in the urine demonstrates abnormal glomerular permeability, it is not a measure of filtration rate.
The nurse is conducting an assessment on a school-age child with urosepsis. Which assessment finding should the nurse expect?
a. Fever with a positive blood culture
b. Proteinuria and edema
c. Oliguria and hypertension
d. Anemia and thrombocytopenia
ANS: A
Symptoms of urosepsis include a febrile UTI coexisting with systemic signs of bacterial illness; blood culture reveals presence of urinary pathogen. Proteinuria and edema are symptoms of minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS). Oliguria and hypertension are symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis (AGN). Anemia and thrombocytopenia are symptoms of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS).
The nurse is teaching parents about prevention of urinary tract infections in children. Which factor predisposes the urinary tract to infection?
a. Increased fluid intake
b. Short urethra in young girls
c. Prostatic secretions in males
d. Frequent emptying of the bladder
ANS: B
The short urethra in females provides a ready pathway for invasion of organisms. Increased fluid intake and frequent emptying of the bladder offer protective measures against urinary tract infections. Prostatic secretions have antibacterial properties that inhibit bacteria.
Which should the nurse recommend to prevent urinary tract infections in young girls?
a. Wear cotton underpants.
b. Limit bathing as much as possible.
c. Increase fluids; decrease salt intake.
d. Cleanse perineum with water after voiding.
ANS: A
Cotton underpants are preferable to nylon underpants. No evidence exists that limiting bathing, increasing fluids/decreasing salt intake, or cleansing the perineum with water after voiding decrease urinary tract infections in young girls.
The nurse is admitting a newborn with hypospadias to the nursery. The nurse expects which finding in this newborn?
a. Absence of a urethral opening is noted.
b. Penis appears shorter than usual for age.
c. The urethral opening is along the dorsal surface of the penis.
d. The urethral opening is along the ventral surface of the penis.
ANS: D
Hypospadias is a congenital condition in which the urethral opening is located anywhere along the ventral surface of the penis. The urethral opening is present, but not at the glans. Hypospadias refers to the urethral opening, not to the size of the penis. A urethral opening along the ventral surface of the penis is known as epispadias.
The nurse is conducting a staff in-service on newborn defects of the genitourinary system. Which describes the narrowing of the preputial opening of the foreskin?
a. Chordee
b. Phimosis
c. Epispadias
d. Hypospadias
ANS: B
Phimosis is the narrowing or stenosis of the preputial opening of the foreskin. Chordee is the ventral curvature of the penis. Epispadias is the meatal opening on the dorsal surface of the penis. Hypospadias is a congenital condition in which the urethral opening is located anywhere along the ventral surface of the penis.
Which is an objective of care for a 10-year-old child with minimal change nephrotic syndrome?
a. Reduce blood pressure.
b. Reduce excretion of urinary protein.
c. Increase excretion of urinary protein.
d. Increase ability of tissues to retain fluid.
ANS: B
The objectives of therapy for the child with minimal change nephrotic syndrome include reduction of the excretion of urinary protein, reduction of fluid retention, prevention of infection, and minimization of complications associated with therapy. Blood pressure is usually not elevated in minimal change nephrotic syndrome. Excretion of urinary protein and fluid retention are part of the disease process and must be reversed.
Which is instituted for the therapeutic management of minimal change nephrotic syndrome?
a. Corticosteroids
b. Antihypertensive agents
c. Long-term diuretics
d. Increased fluids to promote diuresis
ANS: A
Corticosteroids are the first line of therapy for minimal change nephrotic syndrome. Response is usually seen within 7 to 21 days. Antihypertensive agents and long-term diuretic therapy are usually not necessary. A diet that has fluid and salt restrictions may be indicated.
Which is a common side effect of short-term corticosteroid therapy?
a. Fever
b. Hypertension
c. Weight loss
d. Increased appetite
ANS: D
Side effects of short-term corticosteroid therapy include an increased appetite. Fever is not a side effect of therapy. It may be an indication of infection. Hypertension is not usually associated with initial corticosteroid therapy. Weight gain, not weight loss, is associated with corticosteroid therapy.
The nurse closely monitors the temperature of a child with minimal change nephrotic syndrome. The purpose of this assessment is to detect an early sign of which possible complication?
a. Infection
b. Hypertension
c. Encephalopathy
d. Edema
ANS: A
Infection is a constant source of danger to edematous children and those receiving corticosteroid therapy. An increased temperature could be an indication of an infection. Temperature is not an indication of hypertension or edema. Encephalopathy is not a complication usually associated with minimal change nephrotic syndrome. The child will most likely have neurologic signs and symptoms.
A hospitalized child with minimal change nephrotic syndrome is receiving high doses of prednisone. Which is an appropriate nursing goal related to this?
a. Prevent infection
b. Stimulate appetite
c. Detect evidence of edema
d. Ensure compliance with prophylactic antibiotic therapy
ANS: A
High-dose steroid therapy has an immunosuppressant effect. These children are particularly vulnerable to upper respiratory tract infections. A priority nursing goal is to minimize the risk of infection by protecting the child from contact with infectious individuals. Appetite is increased with prednisone therapy. The amount of edema should be monitored as part of the disease process, not necessarily related to the administration of prednisone. Antibiotics would not be used as prophylaxis.
Which is included in the diet of a child with minimal change nephrotic syndrome?
a. High protein
b. Salt restriction
c. Low fat
d. High carbohydrate
ANS: B
Salt is usually restricted (but not eliminated) during the edema phase. The child has little appetite during the acute phase. Favorite foods are provided (with the exception of high-salt ones) in an attempt to provide nutritionally complete meals.
Which best describes acute glomerulonephritis?
a. Occurs after a urinary tract infection
b. Occurs after a streptococcal infection
c. Associated with renal vascular disorders
d. Associated with structural anomalies of genitourinary tract
ANS: B
Acute glomerulonephritis is an immune-complex disease that occurs after a streptococcal infection with certain strains of the group A Beta-hemolytic streptococcus. Acute glomerulonephritis usually follows streptococcal pharyngitis and is not associated with renal vascular disorders or genitourinary tract structural anomalies.
A child is admitted with acute glomerulonephritis. What should the nurse expect the urinalysis to show during the acute phase?
a. Bacteriuria, hematuria
b. Hematuria, proteinuria
c. Bacteriuria, increased specific gravity
d. Proteinuria, decreased specific gravity
ANS: B
Urinalysis during the acute phase characteristically shows hematuria and proteinuria. Bacteriuria and changes in specific gravity are not usually present during the acute phase.
A mother asks the nurse what would be the first indication that acute glomerulonephritis is improving. What is the nurse’s best response?
a. Blood pressure will stabilize.
b. The child will have more energy.
c. Urine will be free of protein.
d. Urinary output will increase.
ANS: D
An increase in urinary output may signal resolution of the acute glomerulonephritis. If blood pressure is elevated, stabilization usually occurs with the improvement in renal function. The child having more energy and the urine being free of protein are related to the improvement in urinary output.
The nurse notes that a child has lost 8 pounds after 4 days of hospitalization for acute glomerulonephritis. What is most likely the cause of the weight loss?
a. Poor appetite
b. Increased potassium intake
c. Reduction of edema
d. Restriction to bed rest
ANS: C
This amount of weight loss in this period is a result of the improvement of renal function and mobilization of edema fluid. Poor appetite and bed rest would not result in a weight loss of 8 pounds in 4 days. Foods with substantial amounts of potassium are avoided until renal function is normalized.
The nurse is teaching the parent about the diet of a child experiencing severe edema associated with acute glomerulonephritis. Which information should the nurse include in the teaching?
a. “You will need to decrease the number of calories in your child’s diet.”
b. “Your child’s diet will need an increased amount of protein.”
c. “You will need to avoid adding salt to your child’s food.”
d. “Your child’s diet will consist of low-fat, low-carbohydrate foods.”
ANS: C
For most children, a regular diet is allowed, but it should contain no added salt. The child should be offered a regular diet with favorite foods. Severe sodium restrictions are not indicated.
Which is the most appropriate nursing diagnosis for the child with acute glomerulonephritis?
a. Risk for Injury related to malignant process and treatment
b. Fluid Volume Deficit related to excessive losses
c. Fluid Volume Excess related to decreased plasma filtration
d. Fluid Volume Excess related to fluid accumulation in tissues and third spaces
ANS: C
Glomerulonephritis has a decreased filtration of plasma, which results in an excessive accumulation of water and sodium that expands plasma and interstitial fluid volumes, leading to circulatory congestion and edema. No malignant process is involved in acute glomerulonephritis. A fluid volume excess is found. The fluid accumulation is secondary to the decreased plasma filtration.
Which is the most common cause of acute renal failure in children?
a. Pyelonephritis
b. Tubular destruction
c. Urinary tract obstruction
d. Inadequate perfusion
ANS: D
The most common cause of acute renal failure in children is poor perfusion that may respond to restoration of fluid volume. Pyelonephritis and tubular destruction are not common causes of acute renal failure. Obstructive uropathy may cause acute renal failure, but it is not the most common cause.
The nurse is conducting an admission assessment on a school-age child with acute renal failure. Which are the primary clinical manifestations the nurse expects to find with this condition?
a. Oliguria and hypertension
b. Hematuria and pallor
c. Proteinuria and muscle cramps
d. Bacteriuria and facial edema
ANS: A
The principal feature of acute renal failure is oliguria; hypertension is a nonspecific clinical manifestation. Hematuria and pallor, proteinuria and muscle cramps, and bacteriuria and facial edema are not principal features of acute renal failure.
The nurse is caring for a child with acute renal failure. Which clinical manifestation should the nurse recognize as a sign of hyperkalemia?
a. Dyspnea
b. Seizure
c. Oliguria
d. Cardiac arrhythmia
ANS: D
Hyperkalemia is the most common threat to the life of the child. Signs of hyperkalemia include electrocardiograph anomalies such as prolonged QRS complex, depressed ST segments, peaked T waves, bradycardia, or heart block. Dyspnea, seizure, and oliguria are not manifestations of hyperkalemia.
When a child has chronic renal failure, the progressive deterioration produces a variety of clinical and biochemical disturbances that eventually are manifested in the clinical syndrome known as:
a. uremia.
b. oliguria.
c. proteinuria.
d. pyelonephritis.
ANS: A
Uremia is the retention of nitrogenous products, producing toxic symptoms. Oliguria is diminished urinary output. Proteinuria is the presence of protein, usually albumin, in the urine. Pyelonephritis is an inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis.
Which is a major complication in a child with chronic renal failure?
a. Hypokalemia
b. Metabolic alkalosis
c. Water and sodium retention
d. Excessive excretion of blood urea nitrogen
ANS: C
Chronic renal failure leads to water and sodium retention, which contributes to edema and vascular congestion. Hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, and retention of blood urea nitrogen are complications of chronic renal failure.
