C3(Structure And Bonding)

Question 1

What are the 3 states of matter

Answer 1

Solid
Liquid
Gas

Question 2

What is arrangement of particles in a solid

Answer 2

-Particles have a fixed shape and volume and are in a fixed position
-Particles vibrate

Question 3

What is the arrangement of particles in a liquid

Answer 3

-Liquids have a fixed volume but can flow and change their shape
-particles slip and slide over each other

Question 4

What is the arrangement of particles in a gas

Answer 4

-Gases have no fixed shape or volume
-They can be compressed
-Particles move very quickly in all directions as the particles bash against the walls of the container, they exert a force that causes pressure

Question 5

The energy from melting and boiling is ….

Answer 5

Transferred from the surroundings to the substance

Question 6

The energy from freezing and condensing is ….

Answer 6

Transferred from the substance to the surroundings

Question 7

The elements in group 1 react with the elements in group 7 as they react …

Answer 7

-Atoms of group 1 elements can each lose one electron to gain the stable electronic structure of a noble gas
-This electron can be given to an atom from group 7 which also achieves the stable electronic structure of a noble gas

Question 8

representing ionic bonding

Answer 8

Question 9

What are the properties of ionic compounds

Answer 9

-High melting and boiling points as it takes a lot of energy to break the ionic bonds
-strong electrostatic forces of attraction
-They are solid at room temperature

Question 10

What are the properties of an ionic solid

Answer 10

-Ions are fixed in position in a giant lattice
-They vibrate but cannot move around
-It does not conduct electricity

Question 11

What are the properties of a molten ionic compound

Answer 11

-High temperature provides enough energy to overcome the many strong attractive forces between ions
-Ions are free to move around within the molten compound therefore these ions can carry charge through the liquid therefore conducting electricity

Question 12

What are the properties of an ionic compound in solution

Answer 12

-Water molecules separate ions from the lattice therefore ions are free to move around within the solution therefore conducting electricity

Question 13

Representing simple covalent bonding

Answer 13

Question 14

What are the properties of simple covalent molecules

Answer 14

-low melting and boiling points as they have weak intermolecular forces
-Doesn’t conduct electricity

Question 15

Polymers are …

Answer 15

Many small reactive molecules that bond to each other to form long chains

Question 16

Representing polymers

Answer 16

Question 17

What are intermolecular forces

Answer 17

The force of attraction between the individual molecules in a covalent substance

Question 18

What are the properties of giant covalent structures

Answer 18

-High melting and boiling points
-Insoluble in water
-Apart from graphite, they are hard and do not conduct electricity

Question 19

What are the properties of graphite

Answer 19

-Carbon atoms only bond to three other carbon atoms, they form hexagons which are arranged in giant layers
-There are no covalent bonds between the layers therefore the layers can slide over each other easily
-Conduct electricity and thermal energy because of the delocalised electrons that can move along its layers

Question 20

What are the properties of diamond and silicon dioxide

Answer 20

-Carbon atoms bond to 4 other carbon atoms therefore making a rigid giant covalent structure which makes it a very hard substance
-Diamond and silica has no delocalised electrons therefore they don’t conduct electricity or thermal energy

Question 21

Fullerenes are ….

Answer 21

Hollow shaped molecules of carbon

Question 22

What are carbon nanotubes

Answer 22

Cylindrical fullerenes

Question 23

What are the properties of carbon nanotubes

Answer 23

-High tensile strength
-High electrical conductivity and high thermal conductivity

Question 24

Fullerenes are used for …

Answer 24

-Drug delivery into the body
-Lubricants
-Catalysts because of the large surface area to volume ratio of their nano particles

Question 25

Graphene is ….

Answer 25

A single layer of graphite and so it is just one atom thick

Question 26

What are the properties of Graphene

Answer 26

-Excellent conductor of thermal energy and electricity -Has a very low density -is the most reactive form of carbon

Question 27

Graphene can be used to …

Answer 27

-Make quicker and more powerful computer chips

Question 28

The atoms in metals are …

Answer 28

Closely packed together and arranged in regular layers

Question 29

In metallic bonding Strong electrostatic attraction…

Answer 29

Between the negatively charged electrons and the positively charged ions bond the metal ions to each other

Question 30

Representing metallic bonding

Answer 30

Question 31

An Alloy is

Answer 31

A mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal

Question 32

What are properties of giant metallic structures

Answer 32

-High melting points as the electrostatic forces of attraction extend in all directions therefore it takes a lot of energy to separate the metal ions from their fixed positions and break down the lattice, melting the metal -Malleable -Good conductors of thermal energy and electricity because their delocalised electrons can readily flow through the giant metallic lattice

Question 33

Alloys are …

Answer 33

Harder than pure metals because the regular layers in a pure metal are distorted by atoms of different sizes in an alloy

Question 34

In metallic bonding Metals can be …

Answer 34

Bent and shaped because the layers of atoms (or positively charged ions) in a giant metallic structure can slide over each other

Question 35

1 nanometer is ….

Answer 35

Question 36

What are the properties of Nanoparticles

Answer 36

-High surface area to volume ratio with a high percentage of their atoms exposed at their surface

Question 37

The use of Nanoparticles

Answer 37

-Instead of bulk materials should mean that smaller quantities are needed -Their high surface area and to volume ratio makes them much more reactive than materials with normal particle sizes, this results in a more sustainable approach in industry as less resources are used up -Glass can be coated with titanium oxide Nanoparticles to break down dirt that lands on the window -Used in sunscreens and face creams

Question 38

Possible risks of Nanoparticles are …

Answer 38

-Their large surface area makes them dangerous as if a spark is made by accident there could be a violent explosion -Breathing in tiny particles could damage the lungs -Nanoparticles could enter the blood stream and have unpredictable effects on our cells

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