C3.1 - Integration of body systems Flashcards
hierarchy of organisation
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
Organism
Emergent properties
Properties which emerge in the complex system which are not seen in the individual components making up the system
overview of nervous system
CNS is the brain and spinal cord
PNS or the nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body and it’s made of the somatic and autonomic the somatic controls voluntary movements and the autonomic controls in voluntary activities
hormones
Chemical substances secreted by glands to regulate specific physiological processes
Nervous versus endocrine system
The nervous system sends electrical signals housing immediate response but it short-lived
The endocrine senses chemical signals has slower responses but is longer lasting
Blood transporting
oxygen from alveoli to cells
Carbon dioxide from cell to lungs
Nutrients from small intestine to cells
Waste material to organs for removal
Hormones from endocrine glands to target organs
Cerebrum
largest parts of the brain
Controls functions like census speech thinking and movement
Has 2 halves and each half has four lobes
The four lobes are the frontal parietal occipital and temporal
cerebellum
Located in the back of the head
Voluntary muscle movements like balance and coordination
Two hemispheres
brainstem
midbrain pons medulla oblongata
pons connects midbrain to medulla
Medulla regulates involuntary activities
Plasticity
Ability of neural networks in the brain to change as a result of new knowledge or experiences
explicit memory
Memories we intentionally try to recall
Implicit memory
Memories collected unconsciously or automatically e.g. speaking riding a bike
spinal cord
integrates information from unconscious processes only
Act as a relay system between brain and PNS
Sensory neurons
Nerve cells which transmit sensory input from a sense organ to the CNS
Interneuron
Relay impulses between sensory and motor neurons
receptors
Specialised cells that pick up sensory stimuli and transport it to sensory neurons
mechanoreceptors detect motion and stretch
Chemo receptors detect smelling such as coffee
Thermo receptors
nociceptors detect pain
Electromagnetic receptors detect light and electricity
Motor neuron
Transmit electrical messages from the CNS to a muscle or gland
There’s two types the upper carry impulses from brain to spinal cord the lower travel from spinal cord to muscles
They have numerous dendrites and a single long axon
nerves
Bundles of axons in a neuron
Based on presence or absence of myelin sheath nerves are either mylinated or unmylinated
myelinated nerve fibres
myelin is a fatty sheath specialised membrane made of proteins and lipids
it is produced by Schwann cells in the PNS and oligodendrocytes in the CNS
myelin is interrupted at points called the nodes of ranvier
Electrical signals jump from one node to the other
Grey and white matter
Grey is the cell bodies of neurons in the spinal cord. They are the interior and in the brain they are the exterior.
White are myelinated axons in the spinal cord they are the exterior and in the brain they are the interior
reflex action
Involuntary or nearly immediate reaction to stimuli
reflex arc
Pathway followed by reflex action
Stimulus to sensory neuron to inter neuron in the spinal cord to motor neuron to skeletal muscle to response
functions of cerebellum
Coordination of voluntary muscle movements
Maintenance of balance and posture
Motor learning
circadian rhythm
Physical mental and behavioural changes that occur in the body in a 24 hour cycle
