C4.2 Transfer of energy and matter

Question 1

System

Answer 1

Set of interacting or independent components

Question 2

Open system

Answer 2

Resouces (matter and energy) can enter and exit

Question 3

Close system

Answer 3

Energy can enter and exit but not matter

Question 4

Ecosystem

Answer 4

All organisms interact an area with the non living environment

Question 5

Factors affecting light availability in marine and freshwater ecosystems

Answer 5

Shorter wavelengths penetrate further
Living and non living matter in water reduce light penetration
Coastal waters are often cloudy due to sediments/phytoplankton
Little to no light beyond 200m in open ocean

Question 6

Food chain

Answer 6

Sequence of organisms, each feeding on the previous

Question 7

Features of food chains

Answer 7

First organism is a producer
Tropic levels are numbered from 1
Consumer that feeds on producer is primary consumer, and so on
Top consumer is apex predator
Arrows indicate direction of energy flow

Question 8

Food web

Answer 8

Diagram that summarises all known food chains in a community

Question 9

Photoautotroph

Answer 9

Organisms that use light energy as external energy source needed to make organic molecules

Question 10

Chemoautotroph

Answer 10

Organisms that use exothermic chemical reactions as external energy source

Question 11

Assimilation

Answer 11

Use of organic molecules to synthesize new compounds needed by cells

Question 12

Cells use ATP energy for

Answer 12

Synthesizing large molecules
Moving molecules across membranes
Moving structures within cells
Maintaining body temperature

Question 13

Energy pyramid units

Answer 13

kJm^-2yr^-1

Question 14

Incomplete consumption

Answer 14

When an organism is not fully consumed

Question 15

Cell respiration

Answer 15

Organic molecules are oxidised to molecules of H2O and CO2

Question 16

Incomplete digestion

Answer 16

When some parts of animals/plants are not fully digested/absorbed and leaves as faeces

Question 17

Production in ecosystems

Answer 17

Accumulation of carbon compounds in biomass

Question 18

Productivity

Answer 18

Rate at which biomass is created

Question 19

Gross primary production

Answer 19

Total biomass of carbon compounds made in plants by photosynthesis

Question 20

Net primary production

Answer 20

GPP minus biomass lost due to respiration by plant cells

Question 21

Units of NPP

Answer 21

gm^-2yr^-1

Question 22

Primary production

Answer 22

Accumulation of carbon compounds in biomass by plants/autotrophs

Question 23

Secondary production

Answer 23

Accumulation of carbon compounds by animals and other heterotrophs

Question 24

Pool

Answer 24

Reserve of an element

Question 25

Flux

Answer 25

Transfer of the element from one pool to another

Question 26

3 main types of carbon flux

Answer 26

Photosynthesis, feeding, respiration

Question 27

Carbon sink

Answer 27

When photosynthesis exceeds respiration, net uptake

Question 28

Carbon source

Answer 28

When respiration exceeds photosynthesis, net release

Question 29

Combustion reaction

Answer 29

Hydrocarbon (s/l/g) + Oxygen (g) -> Carbon dioxide (g) + Water (g)

Question 30

Keeling curve

Answer 30

Graph plotted from analysis results of atmospheric CO2 concentrations

Question 31

Annual fluctuations

Answer 31

Rises in October - May, falls May - October due to seasonal fluctuations to carbon fixation by photosynthesis and release by respiration

Question 32

Long term trend

Answer 32

Net increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration after annual fluctuations accounted for

Question 33

Carbon flux units

Answer 33

GtCyear^-1

Question 34

Chemical elements needed by living organisms

Answer 34

C, H, O - makes carbohydrates, lipids and carbon compounds N, P - additional requirements for DNA and nucleic acid synthesis