C7

Question 1

What is crude oil formed from

Answer 1

The remains of ancient biomass consisting mainly of plankton that was buried in mud

Question 2

Crude oil is a mixture of compounds most of which are hydrocarbons what is a hydrocarbon?

Answer 2

A compound made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms only

Question 3

What is the general formula for an alkane

Answer 3

C n H 2n +2

Question 4

What are the names of the first four alkanes

Answer 4

Methane ethane propane and butane

Question 5

What’s the name of an alkane with three carbons

Answer 5

Propane

Question 6

What is the name of the process that separates the crude oil into fractions containing molecules with a smaller number of carbon atoms

Answer 6

Fractional distillation

Question 7

Name five fuels that can be separated from crude oil

Answer 7

Petrol, diesel, kerosene, heavy fuel oil, LPG

Question 8

Name for useful materials that rely on the petrochemical industry

Answer 8

Solvent lubricant polymers and detergent

Question 9

Describe what happens in fractional distillation

Answer 9

Crude oil is heated to evaporate it is then pumped into a column which is hotter at the bottom and cooler at the top so the vapour is condense and they have different boiling points so condense at different levels

Question 10

When hydrocarbons combust they react with oxygen, what is produced?

Answer 10

Carbon dioxide and water

Question 11

What happens to the boiling point the longer the hydrocarbon molecule is

Answer 11

It increases

Question 12

What happens to the viscosity the longer the hydrocarbon molecule is

Answer 12

More viscous

Question 13

What happens to the flammability the longer the hydrocarbon molecule is

Answer 13

Less flammable

Question 14

What is meant by cracking

Answer 14

Breaking down hydrocarbons into smaller more useful molecules

Question 15

What are the conditions needed for catalytic cracking

Answer 15

The hydrocarbon is heated and vaporised 500°c And then the vapour is passed over a hot catalyst

Question 16

What are the products of cracking

Answer 16

An alkane and alkene

Question 17

What is the test for an alkene

Answer 17

It turns orange bromine water colourless

Question 18

Which is more reactive than alkanes or an alkene

Answer 18

Alkene because it has a double bond that can open up

Question 19

Why is cracking done

Answer 19

There is a high demand for fuels with a smaller molecule chains

Question 20

What can the alkenes be used for

Answer 20

Producing polymers

Question 21

What is the general formula of an alkene

Answer 21

CnH2n

Question 22

How is an alkene different from an alkane

Answer 22

An alkene has a carbon to carbon double bond C=C

Question 23

Is an alkene saturated or unsaturated

Answer 23

Unsaturated because it has a double bond

Question 24

What are the names of the first four Alkenes

Answer 24

Ethene propene butene and petene

Question 25

Alkenes reacts with oxygen in combustion in the same way as alkanes but they tend to have smoky flames. why is this ?

Answer 25

Incomplete combustion

Question 26

Alkene + hydrogen -> …….

And the conditions ?

Answer 26

Alkane (hydrogenation)

60° C + nickel catalyst

Question 27

Alkene + halogen ->

Answer 27

Dibromo 
Difluoro        
Dichloro
Diiodo
\+ ethane, propane, butane Pentane

Question 28

What is the functional group of an alcohol

Answer 28

-OH -O-H

Question 29

alcohol + sodium

Answer 29

Fizzes (in the same when sodium reacts with water although less vigorously) hydrogen is produced, an alkali is produced

Question 30

Alcohol burns in air to produce

Answer 30

Carbon dioxide + water

Question 31

Alcohol + An oxidising

Answer 31

Carboxylic acid + water

Ethanol (in wine) + microbes in the air -> ethanoic acid (vinegar)

Question 32

Equation for fermentation

Answer 32

Yeast
Glucose ———> ethanol + carbon dioxide

C6H12O6 —> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

Glucose (sugar) must be dissolved in water

Question 33

Give examples of uses of alcohols

Answer 33

Alcoholic drinks (ethanol), fuels, solvents 

Question 34

What are the names of the first four carboxylic acids

Answer 34

Methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid

Question 35

What is the functional group of a carboxylic acid

Answer 35

O 
                                   //
-COOH     Or      — C 
                                   \
                                   OH

Question 36

Carboxylic acid + carbonate —>

Answer 36

A Salt + water + carbon dioxide

Question 37

Carboxylic acid dissolved in water

Answer 37

Make an acidic solution

They are weak acids because they do not completely ionise

Question 38

Carboxylic acid + alcohol —> …..

Conditions ?

Answer 38

Ester 
Acid catalyst ( usually sulfuric)

Question 39

What is the functional group of an Ester

Answer 39

-COO-

Question 40

Name an Ester

Answer 40

Ethylethanoate

Question 41

What is addition Polymersation

Answer 41

Many small molecules (monomer) join together to form very large molecules (polymers)
In addition polymerisation The repeating unit has the same atoms as the monomer because no other molecule is formed

Question 42

Propene monomers —>

Answer 42

Polypropene

Question 43

What is condensation polymerisation

Answer 43

Monomers have two functional groups, when these monomers join together they form a small molecule such as water

Question 44

Amino acids produce polypeptides by what sort of polymerisation

Answer 44

Condensation polymerisations

Question 45

Different amino acids can be combined in the same chain to produce

Answer 45

Proteins

Question 46

What is the general name for the monomers that make up DNA

Answer 46

Nucleotides

Question 47

Names are naturally occurring polymers that are important for life

Answer 47

DNA, starch, cellulose and protein