C7: Memory

Question 1

Amnesia

Answer 1

Inability to retrieve vast quantities of information from memory; result of brain injury or psychological trauma

Question 2

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 2

losing past memories; most common portrayal in media

Question 3

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 3

lose the ability to form new memories; more common

Question 4

Priming

Answer 4

The facilitation of a response to a stimulus based on recent experience with that stimulus or related stimulus

Question 5

Implicit Memory

Answer 5

Unconscious/automatic memory; (procedural, priming, classical conditioning, non-associative learning)

Question 6

Explicit Memory

Answer 6

Memory that is consciously retrieved; (Episodic, Semantic)

Question 7

Procedural Memory

Answer 7

skills and habits; resistant to decay (riding a bike)

Question 8

Episodic Memory

Answer 8

Memory of past experiences that are identifiable by time and place (episodes)

Question 9

Semantic Memory

Answer 9

Knowledge of concepts, categories, and facts independent of personal experience (don’t know when you learned it, Jell-O)

Question 10

Brain Activation During Perception and Remembering

Answer 10

Activation in same regions

Question 11

Encoding

Answer 11

the process of which the perception of a stimulus or event gets transformed into a memory

Question 12

Dual-coding Hypothesis

Answer 12

Information that can be coded verbally and visually will be remembered more easily

Question 13

Levels of Processing Model

Answer 13

deeply encoded items with more meaning are better remembered

Question 13

Maintenance Rehearsal

Answer 13

simply repeating the item over and over

Question 13

Elaborative Rehearsal

Answer 13

encodes information in more meaningful way; linking it to existing knowledge (semantic)

Question 14

Schemas

Answer 14

Cognitive structures in semantic memory that help us link information to existing knowledge

Question 15

Chunking

Answer 15

The process of breaking down information into meaningful units

Question 16

Method of Loci

Answer 16

associating items with physical locations to remember them

Question 17

Sensory Memory

Answer 17

a temporary memory system that stores sensory information, close to it’s original form

Question 18

Iconic memory

Answer 18

ultra short term visual memory

Question 19

Echoic Memory

Answer 19

ultra short term auditory memory

Question 20

Working Memory

Answer 20

limited capacity cognitive system that stores and manipulates information for current use (what we are consciously focusing on) - disappears unless you actively prevent it from doing so

Question 21

Memory Span

Answer 21

capacity of working memory - 7 items plus or minus two
increase w/ development
decreases w/ age

Question 22

Long Term Memory

Answer 22

storage of information lasting minutes or lifetimes, capacity is limitless

Question 23

Serial position Effect

Answer 23

The finding that the ability to recall items from a list depends on the order, easier to remember early or late in list

Question 24

Primacy Effect

Answer 24

better memorize beginning of the list - encoded to long term memeory

Question 25

Recency Effect

Answer 25

better memorizing the end of the list - still in working memory

Question 26

Consolidation

Answer 26

Gradual process of memory storage in the brain

Question 27

Donald Hebb - Hebbian Rule

Answer 27

Alterations in synaptic connection "cells that fire together wire together"

Question 28

Long-term Potentiation (LTP)

Answer 28

strengthening of a synaptic connection, making the postsynaptic neurons more easily activated by presynaptic neurons

Question 29

Doogie Mice

Answer 29

The finding that the NMDA receptor is involved in LTP through the modification in mice

Question 30

Why is slow consolidation beneficial?

Answer 30

allows for important memories to persist while others forgotten

Question 31

How does emotional reaction play in consolidation?

Answer 31

McGaugh - when events elicits autonomic arousal, the amygdala influences consolidation in the hippocampus and basal ganglia

Question 32

Flashbulb Memories

Answer 32

Brown and Kulik - vivid memories of the circumstances in which a person first learn of a surprising and consequential or emotionally arousing event

Question 33

Reconsolidation

Answer 33

re-storage of memory after retrieval, (functions: memory update and strenghening)

Question 34

Retrieval Cue

Answer 34

Stimulus that promotes memory recall

Question 35

Encoding Specificity Principle

Answer 35

Idea that any stimulus that is encoded along with an experience can later trigger a memory of that experience (what you ate while on your first date)

Question 36

Context-dependent memory

Answer 36

the recall of a situation is similar to encoding situation

Question 37

State-dependent memory

Answer 37

when person's internal state enhances recall and matches the encoding state

Question 38

Prospective Memory

Answer 38

involves remembering to do something at a future time

Question 39

Retrieval-induced forgetting

Answer 39

Impairment of the ability to recall an item in the future after retrieving a related item from long-term memory

Question 40

Savings

Answer 40

difference between original learning and relearning

Question 41

Proactive Interference

Answer 41

when old information inhibits the ability to remember new information

Question 42

Retroactive interference

Answer 42

when new information inhibits the ability to remember old information

Question 43

Blocking

Answer 43

The temporary inability to remember something, due to interference with similar memories

Question 44

Absentmindedness

Answer 44

inattentive or shallow coding of memories due to failing to pay attention

Question 45

persistence

Answer 45

continual reoccurment of unwanted memories

Question 46

Memory Bias

Answer 46

the changing of memories over time so they become consistent with current beliefs, knowledge, or attitudes

Question 47

Source Misattribution

Answer 47

people misremember the time, place, person, or circumstance involved in memory

Question 48

Source Amnesia

Answer 48

people have a memory for an event but cannot remember where they encountered the information

Question 49

Cryptomnesia

Answer 49

people think they have come up with a new idea, instead retrieved an older idea

Question 50

Suggestibility

Answer 50

developing biased memories when provided with misleading information

Question 51

False Memories

Answer 51

Confusing a mental image with a real memory

Question 52

Repressed Memories

Answer 52

Critiques argue that they are possibly just false memories

Question 53

Where is memory stored?

Answer 53

Cortex

Question 54

Where are memories consolidated?

Answer 54

Hippocampus

Question 55

Patient H.M

Answer 55

Medical Temporal Lobectomy, loss of the ability to encode new long-term memories but persevered STM

Question 56

Mnemonics

Answer 56

learning aids or strategy to improve memory that links incoming information to familiar locations