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C9+C10+C11 good luck Flashcards

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1
Q

what is crude oil

A

its the natural oil found in the earth. its useful only after its seperated.

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2
Q

how was crude oil formed

A

crude oil was formed when microscopic sea plants and animals died and fell to he sea bead which was then buried under dust and sediment which piled up over millions of years which increased the temperature and pressure which lead to crude oil being formed.

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3
Q

what is a hydrocarbon

A

a hydrocarbon is a compound only made up of hydrogen and carbon.

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4
Q

how can hydrocarbons be collected

A

from the fractionally distilling crude oil

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5
Q

what are alkanes

A

hydrocarbons

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6
Q

name the first 10 alkanes in ascending order so from 1-10

A

methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane

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7
Q

what is the general formula for alkanes

A

C(n)H(2n+2)

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8
Q

what type of bonds do alkanes have

A

they have covalent bonds

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9
Q

what is the definition of volatility

A

the tendency to turn into a gas

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10
Q

what is the definition of viscosity

A

how easily a substance flows

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11
Q

what is the definition of flammability

A

flammability is how easily something burns

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12
Q

are shorter hydrocarbons more flammable than the longer hydrocarbons

A

yes, the shorter hydrocarbons are more flammable

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13
Q

how does fractional distillation work

A

it works by feeding crude oil to the bottom of the distillation column which is hotter at the bottom than the top which means the temperature decreases at the top. so the vapour rises and cold at different places at the chamber which separates the hydrocarbons.

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14
Q

what are the characteristics of short hydrocarbons

A
  • very flammable
  • low boiling points
  • high volatility
  • high viscosity
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15
Q

where would large and short hydrocarbons be found in the fractionating column

A

the longer hydrocarbons are found at the bottom and the short ones are found near the top

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16
Q

what is combustion

A

the process of reacting a fuel with oxygen

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17
Q

what is complete combustion of hydrocarbons

A

when a hydrocarbon fully reacts with oxygen to only make water and carbon dioxide

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18
Q

how can you test the presence for carbon dioxide

A

limewater turns cloudy in the presence of carbon dioxide

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19
Q

how can we test the presence of water

A

blue cobalt chloride paper turns pink when it comes across water

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20
Q

when does incomplete combustion occur

A

when there’s not enough oxygen

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21
Q

what are all the products of an incomplete combustion reaction with alkanes

A

carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H20), and carbon monoxide (CO)

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22
Q

how is carbon monoxide deadly to humans

A

its toxic to humans as the body takes in carbon monoxide rather than oxygen which lowers how much 02 ur cells get.

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23
Q

how is soot dangerous

A

it contributes to global dimming which is when there’s less sunlight reaching the earth

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24
Q

what is cracking

A

the process in which long chains of molecules are broken down into small useful molecules.

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25
name the steps of catalytic cracking
the long chains of molecules are heated up into vapours which are then passed over a jot catalyst like aluminium oxide which then causes it to break down into smaller molecules.
26
name the steps of steam cracking
the long hydrocarbon chains are heated up into vapours which are mixed with steam which causes it to break down into smaller more useful molecules
27
what is needed for cracking
- high temperatures - a catalyst or steam
28
why is cracking used in the oil industry
large molecules of hydrocarbons have limited uses whilst shorter chains of hydrocarbons have more uses
29
what is the difference between an alkane and an alkene
an alkene has a double bond which makes it more reactive than an alkane
30
how do you test for an alkene
orange bromine water turns colourless when in contact with an alkene
31
what is the general formula for an alkene
CnH2n
32
what type of reaction is know as cracking
thermal decomposition
33
what type of reaction is know as cracking
thermal decomposition
34
what type is saturated hydrocarbon
an alkane
35
what's a functional group
a group of atoms which decides a compound's characteristic reactions
36
whats a homologous series
a group of compounds with the same functional group
37
what is the word equation for combustion reaction of an alkene
alkene + oxygen ----> carbon dioxide + water
38
do alkenes usually undergo complete combustion or incomplete combustion
incomplete combustion
39
what is the word equation for am alkene undergoing complete combustion
alkene + oxygen ----> carbon dioxide + water
40
why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes
because of the double bonds
41
what is an addition reaction
when an atom or group of atoms is added to a molecule
42
how can we saturate alkenes
by adding hydrogen to them
43
what is a hydration reaction with alkenes
a reaction when water is added to a molecule to create an alcohol
44
what is the functional group of alcohols
OH
45
what is the general formula for alcohols
CnH2n+1OH eg CH3OH
46
how is ethanol made in the natural way
glucose (through the power of yeast) -----> ethanol + carbon dioxide
47
what happens when you react an alkene with a halogen
you get a compound which begins with di e.g dibromoethane
48
what happens when you react an alcohol with sodium
they produce sodium somethingoxide (depends on the alcohol) + hydrogen gas
49
what happens when an alcohol undergoes combustion
it forms carbon dioxide and water
50
what happens during an oxidation reaction of an alcohol
alcohol + oxygen ---> carboxylic acid + water
51
what is the functional group of carboxylic acid
COOH
52
whats the general formula for Carboxylic acid
CnH2n+1COOH
53
what are some of the properties of carboxylic acid
- dissolve in water to form a weak acidic solution - not flammable
54
why do carboxylic acids dissolve in water
ionisation occurs in the solution which means they release H+ ions. However the carboxylic acid doesn't fully ionise which makes it a weak acid
55
what happens when carboxylic acids reacts with carbonates
they form CO2, salt and H20
56
what happens when carboxylic acid reacts with metals
they form a salt and hydrogen
57
what happens when carboxylic acid reacts with alkaline substances
they form a salt and hydrogen
58
name the alkanes from 1 carbon to 5 carbons
methane - 1 ethane - 2 propane - 3 butane - 4 pentane - 5
59
what is the functional group of esters
-COO
60
how are esters formed
via a condensation reaction between an alcohol and carboxylic acid
61
how do you name an ester
the starting name of the alcohol + yl and then the starting bit of the acid + oate e.g propanol + ethanoic acid ---> propyl ethanoate
62
what is the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
a reversible reaction in which an ester and water if formed
63
what are some of the uses of esters
for flavourings and perfumes
64
what is a monomer
a small molecule which can be bonded together to form a polymer
65
what is a polymer
a very large molecule with repeating units made up of smaller molecules call monomer
66
what is additional polymerisation
when alkene monomers bind together to make 1 product which is the polymer
67
what is the difference between additional polymerisation and condensation polymerisation
in additional polymerisation only 1 product is formed while for condensation polymerisation , 2 products are formed, one is the polymer another is a small molecule
68
what is a diol
an alcohol monomer with a -OH functional group
69
what is carboxylic acid
an acid monomer with the functional group -COOH at the end
70
what is an ester link
the bit where the 2 monomers connect
71
what is polymerisation
the process of joining monomers together to form a polymer
72
name the 2 most simple carbohydrates
fructose and glucose

CHEMISTRY (12 decks)

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