CA Key Terms - MSM & WMM

Question 1

Multi-Store Model

Answer 1

Proposed by Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) that info flows unidirectionally from the sensory buffer to STM to LTM if attention is paid to the info & it is rote-rehearsed

Question 2

Working Memory Model

Answer 2

Proposed by Baddeley & Hitch (1974) that STM is not a single store but rather consists of a # of diff. stores (modalities)

Question 3

Capacity

Answer 3

# of units of info that can be held in a memory store

Question 4

Duration

Answer 4

Amt. of time for which info can be held in a memory store

Question 5

Memory

Answer 5

A cognitive process (CP) of encoding, storing & retrieving info

Question 6

Primacy Effect

Answer 6

A memory phenomenon where only the 1st several words on the list are rmbed better than words from the middle of the list

Question 7

Recency Effect

Answer 7

A memory phenomenon where only the last several words on the list are rmbed better than words from the middle of the list

Question 8

Articulatory Suppression

Answer 8

Research technique where Ps (participants) have to repeat a seq. of sounds while simultaneously performing an experimental task

Question 9

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 9

When you can’t form new memories after a specified time/event

Question 10

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 10

Loss of memory before a specified time/event
* Often caused by brain injury

Question 11

Dual Task Technique

Answer 11

Research technique where Ps are exposed simultaneously to 2 sets of stimuli, either of the same or diff. modalities

Question 12

Phonological Similarity Effect

Answer 12

A memory phenomenon where stimuli that have a similar pattern of articulation are more likely to be confused in memory, even when presented visually

Question 13

Word Length Effect

(not that important?)

Answer 13

A memory phenomenon where the estimated capacity of STM depends on the length of the words on the list presented to the participants

Question 14

Heuristic Model

Answer 14

a model/theory that inspires new hypotheses in a certain area

Question 15

Parsimonious Model

Answer 15

a model that can explain a lot of observations w/ only a limited # of components

Question 16

Sensory Buffer

Answer 16

STM storage of memory received through at least 1 of the 5 senses
* Duration: 1~5s
* Information passes from SB to STM through attention

Question 17

Short-Term Memory

Answer 17

Capacity to store a small amt. of info in the mind & keep it readily available for a short period of time
* Duration: 12~30s
* Memories can be lost via displacement/decay

Question 18

Long-Term Memory

Answer 18

Memories transferred from the STM to LTM that enables one to retain, encode & retrieve their memories
* Duration: unknown but potentially unlimited
* Memories processed semantically (by meaning)
* Memories can be lost via interference, decay & retrieval failure

Question 19

Rote-rehearsal

Answer 19

Repeatedly recalling memory over an extended period of time

Question 20

Top-Down Processing

Answer 20

Using prior experiences to make sense of the new info we encounter
* Decisions made from top-down processing are made automatically
* More confident in them bc it happens so quickly & subconsciously that there’s** no room for doubt**

i.e. seeing the chair u stubbed ur toe on before & avoiding it

Question 22

Bottom-Up Processing

Answer 22

Info processed in the mind via pre-stored info in the memory
* Decisions made w/ reasoning

Question 23

Bomboardment of Stimuli

Answer 23

Since we cannot process all the stimuli in our environment we have to sort, colalte & categorize info in order for us to understand it & be able to retrieve it easily

Question 24

Episodic Memory

Answer 24

When we remember specific events/details
* Takes effort to remember

Question 25

Procedural Memory

Answer 25

Act of being able to perform things w/o consciously thinking abt it

i.e. skills—reading, speaking, writing, driving

Question 26

Cognitive Offloading

Answer 26

Act of taking effort to recall certain memories

Question 27

Semantic Memory

Answer 27

Factual knowledge

Question 28

Facial Recognition

Answer 28

Ability to recall & recognize faces

Question 29

Explicit Memory

Answer 29

Conscious memories
* Expressed thru recollection

Question 30

Implicit Memory

Answer 30

Unconscious memories
* expressed thru performance (i.e. act of reading)

Question 31

Incongruency Effect

Answer 31

When something is incongruent, we are more likely to recall it

Question 32

Serial Position Effect

Answer 32

Coined by Hermann Ebbinghaus, a phenomenon where recall accuracy varies as a function of an item’s position within a list

Question 33

Central Executive (CE)

Answer 33

Allocates resources between the VS & PL

Question 34

Phonological Loop (PL)

Answer 34

Holds auditory info
* “Inner ear”: holds sound in passive manner
* “Inner Voice”: Converts written material into an articulatory code & transfers it to the phonological store

Question 35

Episodic Buffer

Answer 35

Integrates info from the VS & PL → links to LTM

Question 36

Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad (VS)

Answer 36

Holds visual & spatial info

Question 37

Dual-Task Paradigm

Answer 37

A research technique requiring an individual to perform 2 tasks simultaneously in order to compare performance w/ single-task conditions