CA Key Terms - MSM & WMM

Question 1

Multi-Store Model

Answer 1

Proposed by Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) that info flows unidirectionally from the sensory buffer to STM to LTM if attention is paid to the info & it is rote-rehearsed

Question 2

Working Memory Model

Answer 2

Proposed by Baddeley & Hitch (1974) that STM is not a single store but rather consists of a # of diff. stores (modalities)

Question 3

Capacity

Answer 3

# of units of info that can be held in a memory store

Question 4

Duration

Answer 4

Amt. of time for which info can be held in a memory store

Question 5

Memory

Answer 5

A cognitive process (CP) of encoding, storing & retrieving info

Question 6

Primacy Effect

Answer 6

A memory phenomenon where only the 1st several words on the list are rmbed better than words from the middle of the list

Question 7

Recency Effect

Answer 7

A memory phenomenon where only the last several words on the list are rmbed better than words from the middle of the list

Question 8

Articulatory Suppression

Answer 8

Research technique where Ps (participants) have to repeat a seq. of sounds while simultaneously performing an experimental task

Question 9

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 9

When you can’t form new memories after a specified time/event

Question 10

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 10

Loss of memory before a specified time/event
* Often caused by brain injury

Question 11

Dual Task Technique

Answer 11

Research technique where Ps are exposed simultaneously to 2 sets of stimuli, either of the same or diff. modalities

Question 12

Phonological Similarity Effect

Answer 12

A memory phenomenon where stimuli that have a similar pattern of articulation are more likely to be confused in memory, even when presented visually

Question 13

Word Length Effect

(not that important?)

Answer 13

A memory phenomenon where the estimated capacity of STM depends on the length of the words on the list presented to the participants

Question 14

Heuristic Model

Answer 14

a model/theory that inspires new hypotheses in a certain area

Question 15

Parsimonious Model

Answer 15

a model that can explain a lot of observations w/ only a limited # of components

Question 16

Sensory Buffer

Answer 16

STM storage of memory received through at least 1 of the 5 senses
* Duration: 1~5s
* Information passes from SB to STM through attention

Question 17

Short-Term Memory

Answer 17

Capacity to store a small amt. of info in the mind & keep it readily available for a short period of time
* Duration: 12~30s
* Memories can be lost via displacement/decay

Question 18

Long-Term Memory

Answer 18

Memories transferred from the STM to LTM that enables one to retain, encode & retrieve their memories
* Duration: unknown but potentially unlimited
* Memories processed semantically (by meaning)
* Memories can be lost via interference, decay & retrieval failure

Question 19

Rote-rehearsal

Answer 19

Repeatedly recalling memory over an extended period of time

Question 20

Top-Down Processing

Answer 20

Using prior experiences to make sense of the new info we encounter
* Decisions made from top-down processing are made automatically
* More confident in them bc it happens so quickly & subconsciously that there’s** no room for doubt**

i.e. seeing the chair u stubbed ur toe on before & avoiding it

Question 22

Bottom-Up Processing

Answer 22

Info processed in the mind via pre-stored info in the memory
* Decisions made w/ reasoning

Question 23

Bomboardment of Stimuli

Answer 23

Since we cannot process all the stimuli in our environment we have to sort, colalte & categorize info in order for us to understand it & be able to retrieve it easily

Question 24

Episodic Memory

Answer 24

When we remember specific events/details
* Takes effort to remember

Question 25

Procedural Memory

Answer 25

Act of being able to perform things w/o consciously thinking abt it | i.e. skills—reading, speaking, writing, driving

Question 26

Cognitive Offloading

Answer 26

Act of taking effort to recall certain memories

Question 27

Semantic Memory

Answer 27

**Factual** knowledge

Question 28

Facial Recognition

Answer 28

Ability to **recall & recognize faces**

Question 29

Explicit Memory

Answer 29

**Conscious** memories * Expressed thru recollection

Question 30

Implicit Memory

Answer 30

**Unconscious** memories * expressed thru performance (i.e. act of reading)

Question 31

Incongruency Effect

Answer 31

When something is incongruent, we are **more likely** to recall it

Question 32

Serial Position Effect

Answer 32

Coined by *Hermann Ebbinghaus*, a phenomenon where **recall accuracy** varies as a function of an **item's position** within a list

Question 33

Central Executive (CE)

Answer 33

**Allocates** resources between the **VS & PL**

Question 34

Phonological Loop (PL)

Answer 34

Holds auditory info * **"Inner ear":** *holds sound* in *passive* manner * **"Inner Voice":** Converts written material into an articulatory code & transfers it to the phonological store

Question 35

Episodic Buffer

Answer 35

**Integrates** info from the **VS & PL** → **links** to LTM

Question 36

Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad (VS)

Answer 36

Holds **visual & spatial** info

Question 37

Dual-Task Paradigm

Answer 37

A research technique requiring an individual to perform **2 tasks simultaneously** in order to compare **performance w/ single-task conditions**