CACREP AREA: Human Growth and Development

Question 1

Freud’s stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson’s stages are…?

Answer 1

Psychosocial

Question 2

In Freud’s psychodynamic theory, instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologist…?

Answer 2

Believe in man’s powers of reasoning to control behavior

HINT: Erikson stressed ego function. Ego is LOGICAL, RATIONAL, and UTILIZES POWER OF CONTROL to keep impulses in check

Question 3

The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span was?

Answer 3

Erik Erikson

Question 4

The statement “the ego is dependent of the id” would most likely reflect the work of?

Answer 4

Sigmund Freud (who created psychodynamic theory)

Question 5

Jean Piaget’s idiographic approach created his theory with four stages. The correct order from stage 1 to stage 4 is?

Answer 5

1) Sensorimotor
2) Pre-Operations
3) Concrete Operations
4) Formal Operations

Question 6

Some behavioral scientists have been critical of Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget’s developmental research in as much as…?

Answer 6

His findings were often derived from observing his own children

Question 7

A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered…?

Answer 7

Conservation

Question 8

In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to…?

Answer 8

Volume or mass

Question 9

A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as?

Answer 9

Concrete operations (ages 7-11 years old)

HINT: Conservation is part of the Concrete Operations Stage (ages 7-11) of Piaget’s theory. Both begin with the letter “C”

Question 10

__?__ expanded on Piaget’s conceptualization of moral development

Answer 10

Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 11

According to Jean Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operational thought. This notion suggests…?

Answer 11

One can undo an action, hence an object (i.e., glass of water) can return to its initial shape.

Question 12

During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old child in Piaget’s stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says “the rain is following me”. This is an example of?

Answer 12

Egocentrism

HINT: Egocentrism conveys that the child cannot view the world from the vantage point of someone else.

Question 13

Lawrence Kohlberg suggested what about morality?

Answer 13

There are three levels of morality

Question 14

The Heinz dilemma is to Kohlberg’s theory as…?

Answer 14

A typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered

HEINZ DILEMMA STORY: Heinz Dilemma is about Heinz deciding whether to steal an expensive drug to save his dying wife. The pharmacist refuses to lower the price or accept delayed payment. Heinz’s choice highlights moral reasoning: should he obey the law or break it to save his wife?

HINT: Heinz dilemma is a method Kohlberg uses to assess level and stage of moral development in an individual – his stages/levels apply to ALL persons

Question 15

The term identity crises comes from the work of?

Answer 15

Erikson

**HINT: **5th stage of Eriksons psychosocial theory = Identity vs. Role Confusion (ages 12-18)

Question 16

Kohlberg’s three levels of morality are?

Answer 16

1) Preconventional
2) Conventional
3) Postconventional

**HINT: **
1) PREconventional = child responds to consequences (reward/punishments influence)

2) CONventional = individual wants to meet standards of family, society, and nation

3) POSTconventional (self-accepted morality) = individual is concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignitity, and equality of human rights. Kohlberg notes many people NEVER reach this stage

Question 17

Trust vs mistrust is…?

Answer 17

Erikson’s first stage of of psychosocial development

Question 18

A person who has successfully mastered Erikson’s first seven stages would be ready to enter Erikson’s final and eighth stage, which is…?

Answer 18

Integrity vs despair

Question 19

In Kohlberg’s first or preconvetional level, the individual’s moral behavior is guided by…?

Answer 19

Consequences

Question 20

Kohlberg’s second level of morality is known as conventional morality. This level is chracterized by?

Answer 20

A desire to live up to society’s expectations and to conform

Question 21

Kohlberg’s highest level of morality is termed postconvetional moraility. Here the individual…?

Answer 21

Has self-imposed morals and ethics

Question 22

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, level 3, which is postconventional or self-accepted moral principles…?

Answer 22

Is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level

Question 23

The zone of promixal development was…?

Answer 23

Pioneered by Lev Vygotsky

**HINT: **Zone of promixal development = describes difference between child’s performance without a teacher vs their capabilities with one.

Question 24

Which is true: Freud and Erikson…?

Answer 24

Could be classified as maturationists

Question 25

John Bowlby, the British psychiatrist, is most closely associated with?

Answer 25

Bonding and attachment ## Footnote **HINT:** Bowlby and Bonding both start with the letter "B" -- Bowlby believed bonding and attachment to have surving value and part of leading a normal life for a child

Question 26

In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crises occur?

Answer 26

Generativity versus stagnation

Question 27

The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys is...?

Answer 27

Harry Harlow

Question 28

The statement: "Males are better than females when preforming mathematical calculations" is...?

Answer 28

True according to research by Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin

Question 29

The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is...?

Answer 29

Initimacy versus isolation (ages 23-34 years)

Question 30

We often refer to individuals as conformists. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to his or her peers?

Answer 30

A 13-year-old male middle school student ## Footnote **HINT:** Conformity peaks in the early teens

Question 31

In Harry Harlow's experiments with baby monkey's...?

Answer 31

The baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother

Question 32

Freud postulated the psychosexual stages as...?

Answer 32

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

Question 33

Concerning suicide, in adolescence...?

Answer 33

Males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often

Question 34

Concerning suicide, in the general U.S. population...?

Answer 34

Suicide rates tend to increase with age

Question 35

The fear of death is...?

Answer 35

Greatest during middle age

Question 36

In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor that...?

Answer 36

Primarily evolves during the oral stage

Question 37

When comparing girls to boys, it would be noted that in general...? ## Footnote **HINT: **Multiple answers

Answer 37

1. Girls grow up to smile more 2. Girls are using more feeling words by age 2 3. Girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age

Question 38

The Freudian developmental stage, which "least" emphasizes sexuality is...?

Answer 38

Latency | Latent = hidden meaning of a dream ## Footnote **HINT: **Latency is the only Freudian developmental stage *not* primarily psychosexual in nature (occurs in ages 6-12)

Question 39

In terms of parenting young children, what is true?

Answer 39

Boys are punished more than girls

Question 40

When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture, they really mean...?

Answer 40

How much heredity or enviroment interact to influence development | Nature = heredity/genetics | Nuture = enviroment

Question 41

Stage theorists assume what?

Answer 41

Qualitative changes between stages occur

Question 42

Concerning the start/process, development...?

Answer 42

It is a continous process which begins at conception

Question 43

Development is cephalocaudal, which mean...?

Answer 43

Head to foot

Question 44

Heredity is the transmission of traits from parents to their offspring and assumes...? ## Footnote **HINT: **Multiple answers

Answer 44

1) The normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes 2) Heredity characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes 3) Genes composed of DNA hold a enetic code

Question 45

Piaget's final stage is known as the formal operational stage. In this stage, what occurs? ## Footnote **HINT: **Multiple answers

Answer 45

1) Abstract thinking emerges 2) Problems can be solved using deductions

Question 46

Kolhberg lists ___?___ stages of moral development which fall into ___?___ levels

Answer 46

Six (6) stages ; three (3) levels ## Footnote **HINT: ** 1) PRECONVENTIONAL LEVEL= Stage 1: punishment/obedience, Stage 2: naive hedonism 2) CONVENTIONAL LEVEL = Stage 3: good boy/girl orientation, Stage 4: authority, law, & order orientation 3) POSTCONVENTIONAL LEVEL = Stage 5: democratically accepted law or social contract, Stage 6: principles of self-conscience and univeral ethics

Question 47

A person who lives by his or her individual conscience and universal ethical principles is/has...? ## Footnote **HINT: **Multiple answers

Answer 47

1) Reached the highest stage of moral development 2) Is in the postconventional level of self-accepted moral principles

Question 48

What is true of Freud's Oedipus complex or (or Oedipus stage)? ## Footnote **HINT: **Multiple answers

Answer 48

It's the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite-sex parent occur

Question 49

In girls, the Oedipus complex may be referred to as...?

Answer 49

Electra complex ## Footnote HINT: Opedipus = boys, Electra = girls

Question 50

The correct order of the Freudian psychosexual or libidinal stage is...?

Answer 50

1) Oral 2) Anal 3) Phallic 4) Latency 5) Genital

Question 51

Eleanor Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing...?

Answer 51

An apparatus known as a visual cliff ## Footnote **HINT:** Depth perception is inherent/innate -- by 6 months of age depth perception is intact (babies wont cross gap of visual cliff)

Question 52

Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as...?

Answer 52

Empiricists

Question 53

An empiricist view of development would be what?

Answer 53

Behavioristic ## Footnote **HINT: **Behavioristic empiricists value statistical studies and emphasize role of enviroment

Question 54

In the famous experiment by Harry Harlow, frightened monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers...?

Answer 54

Ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers ## Footnote **HINT: **Harlow discovered contact was MORE important than milk for monkeys

Question 55

A theorists view developmental changes as quantitative is said to be an empiricist. The antithesis of this position holds that developmental strides are qualitative. What is the name given to this position?

Answer 55

Organicism | Organicism = views universe and its parts as an organic whole

Question 56

In Piaget's developmental theory, reflexes play the greatest role in the...?

Answer 56

Sensorimotor stage

Question 57

A mother hides a toy behind her back and a young child does not believe the toy exists anymore. The child has not mastered...? ## Footnote **HINT: **Multiple answers

Answer 57

1. Object permanence 2. Represenational thought

Question 58

The scheme (i.e., a mental representation of the real world) of permanency and constancy of objects occur in the...?

Answer 58

Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years)

Question 59

John Bowlby has asserted that...?

Answer 59

Conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood

Question 60

The Harlow experiments utilizing monkeys demonstrated that animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life...?

Answer 60

Appeared to be autistic

Question 61

According to the Freudians, if a child is severely traumatized, he or she may ___?___ a given psychosexual stage

Answer 61

Become fixated at

Question 62

An expert who has reviewed the literature on videos and violence would conclude that...?

Answer 62

Watching violence tends to make children more aggressive

Question 63

A counselor who utilizes the term "instinctual", technically means what?

Answer 63

Behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species ## Footnote **HINT: **Instincts are NOT learned behaviors, they are innate

Question 64

The word "ethology", which is often associated with the work of Konrad Lorenz, refers to...?

Answer 64

The study of animals' behavior in their natural enviroment

Question 65

A child who focuses exclusively on a clown's red nose but ignores the clown's other features would be illustrating the Piagetian concept of...?

Answer 65

Centration

Question 66

Concerning school, Piaget felt...?

Answer 66

That teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experimentation

Question 67

What is true of Piaget's preoperational stage?

Answer 67

Includes the aquisition of a symbolic schema ## Footnote **HINT:** Symbolic shceme examples include a child in this stage (2-7 years) presenting a milk carton is a rocket ship, or a cardboard box is a car

Question 68

Concerning development stages, Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson agree that...?

Answer 68

Each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage

Question 69

The tendency for adult females in the United States to wear high heels is best explained by...?

Answer 69

Sex-role socialization

Question 70

The sequence of object loss, which goes from protest to despair to detachment, best describes the work of...?

Answer 70

Bowlby

Question 71

A counselor who is seeing a 15-year-old boy who is not doing well in public speaking class would need to keep in mind that...? ## Footnote **HINT: **Multiple answers

Answer 71

1) In general, girls possess better verbal skills than boys 2) In general, boys have better visual-perceptual skills and are more active and aggressive than girls

Question 72

Two brothers begin screaming at each other during a family counseling session. The term that best describes the phenomenon is...?

Answer 72

Sibling rivalry

Question 73

A preschool child's concept of causality is said to be animistic. This means the child attributes human characteristics to inanimate objects. Thus, the child may fantasize that an automobile or a rock is talking to him. The concept is best related to...?

Answer 73

Piaget's preoperational period (ages 2-7 years)

Question 74

What is true of elementary school counseling and guidance services?

Answer 74

Are a fairly new development which did not begin to gain momentum until the 1960's.

Question 75

Research related to elementary school counselors indicates that...?

Answer 75

These counselors are effective, do make a difference in children's lives, and more counselors should be employed

Question 76

According to the Yale research by Daniel J. Levinson...? ## Footnote **HINT: **Multiple answers

Answer 76

1) 80% of the men in the study experienced moderate to severe midlife crises 2) An "age 30 crisis" occurs in men when they feel it will soon be too late to make later changes

Question 77

Erikson's middle-age stage (ages 35-60) is known as generativity versus stagnation. Generativity refers to what? ## Footnote **HINT: **Multiple answers

Answer 77

1) The ability to do creative work or raise a family 2) The opposite of stagnation 3) The productive ability to create a career, family, and leisure time

Question 78

A person who can look back on his or her life with few regrets feels...?

Answer 78

Ego-integrity to Erikson's integrity versus despair stage

Question 79

Sensorimotor is to Piaget as oral is to Freud, and as ___?___ is to Erikson.

Answer 79

Trust versus mistrust

Question 80

Which theorist was most concerned with maternal deprivation?

Answer 80

Harry Harlow

Question 81

When development comes to a halt, counselors say that the client does what?

Answer 81

Suffers from fixation

Question 82

Kohlberg proposed three levels of morality. Freud, on the other hand, felt morality developed from the...?

Answer 82

Superego

Question 83

Which theorist would be most likely to say that aggression is an inborn tendency?

Answer 83

Konrad Lorenz

Question 84

The statement "bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not", is closely associated with...?

Answer 84

Kohlberg's premoral stage at the preconventional level

Question 85

What is true of a critical period? ## Footnote **HINT: **Multiple answers

Answer 85

1) Makes imprinting possible 2) Signifies a special time when a behavior must be learned or the behavior won't be learned at all

Question 86

Imprinting (rapid learning during a critical period of development) is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object. The primary work in this area was done by who?

Answer 86

Konrad Lorenz

Question 87

What is true of marital satisfaction?

Answer 87

Often decreases with parenthood and often improves after a child leaves home

Question 88

Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, is famous for his "hierarchy of needs", which postulates what?

Answer 88

Lower-order physiological and safety needs and higher-order needs, such as self-actualization

Question 89

To research the dilemma of self-actualization, Maslow did what?

Answer 89

Interviewed the best people he could find who escaped "the psychology of the average"

Question 90

Piaget is a __?__ist...?

Answer 90

Structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative

Question 91

___?___ factors cause down syndrome, the most common type known as trisomy 21.

Answer 91

Genetic (conditions passed through genes)

Question 92

Piaget referred to the act of taking in new information as assimilation. This results in accommodations, which is a modification of the child's cognitive structures (schemas) to deal with the new information. In Piagetian nomenclature, the balance between assimilation and accommodation is called what?

Answer 92

Equilibration

Question 93

There are behavioral, structural, and maturational theories of development. The maturational viewpoint utilizes the plant growth analogy, in which the mind is seen as being driven by instincts while the environment provides nourishment, thus placing limits on the development. Counselors who are maturationists...?

Answer 93

Allow clients to work through early conflicts

Question 94

Ritualistic behaviors, which are common to all members of a species, are known as what?

Answer 94

Fixated-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli

Question 95

Robert Kegan speaks of a "holding environment" in counseling in which...?

Answer 95

The client can make meaning in the face of crisis and can find new direction

Question 96

Concerning developmental theories, most experts in the field of counseling agree that...?

Answer 96

No one theory completely explains developmental processess; thus, counselors ought to be familiar with all the major theories

Question 97

Equilbration is...?

Answer 97

The balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation)

Question 98

A counselor is working with a family who just lost everything in a fire. The counselor will ideally focus on what?

Answer 98

Maslow's lower-order needs, such as physiological and saftey needs

Question 99

The anal retentive personality is...?

Answer 99

Stingy

Question 100

From a Freudian perspective, a client who has a problem with alcoholism and excessive smoking would be ...?

Answer 100

Considered an oral character