CAFS Flashcards

Question

Justify the TWO most significant needs for each group and discuss the implications if these are not met - People with a Disability

Answer 1

HEALTH Ill health→ impacts on sense of self, motivation levels, ability to complete activities Long term health absence→ limits employment chances, impacts economic wellbeing Social and intimate relationships impacted Important; regular GP, dental check ups & disability is cared for appropriately Health care needs to be easily accessible and affordable Or quality of life/life span affected EDUCATION Less opportunities to gain knowledge→ restricts people seeking support agencies to enhance or advocate for their needs Low education level (+ disability) reduces employment opportunities Education about how to care for disability is important for carers(improves wellbeing) Without education→ social, emotional, economic (if no job) wellbeing affected

Answer 2

HEALTH Maslow→ health is primary need Physical wellbeing→ well nourished, sleep well, health issues addressed Attaining physical wellbeing improves emotional wellbeing, begins regaining status in community Generally have severe health issues, can worsen if untreated→ issues must be addressed to maintain physical wellbeing Needs not met; experience physical, emotional illbeing, possibility of emergency medical services (cost money generally homeless don’t have) ADEQUATE STANDARD OF LIVING Physical wellbeing→ well nourished, clothed appropriately, area to sleep in relative comfort (improves emotional wellbeing)--> helps regain status in community Generally no access to shelter, rely on food vans, bins, not dressed for conditions they live in→ causes physical, emotional, social illbeing Affects sense of identity→ increases feeling of not belonging, decreases self esteem

Answer 3

HEALTH Important to maintain healthy living and contribute to overall wellbeing Health services need to be easily accessible and accepting of diversity Higher rates of cancer, sexual diseases, obesity, suicide If health needs aren’t met; can become ill, resulting in hospital or death SENSE OF IDENTITY Important to feel accepted→ emotional wellbeing, sense of belonging, self esteem Maintaining can be challenging→ especially when coming out to loved ones Discrimination in society can negatively impact this need Person needs to be comfortable with their identity and not be discriminated against If needs not met: mental health problems, or drug/alcohol abuse→ negative for health

Answer 4

SENSE OF IDENTITY Important during transition between childhood and adolescence Need to feel valued, have a purpose and direction Positive self concept→ when a young person has ability to initiate and maintain relationships and communicate effectively If need isn’t met→ depression/other mental health problems may arise (further complicates young person’s life) EDUCATION Important for rules and content designed to help young live in society Increases access to services and resources, enhances confidence in seeking support Contributes to positive sense of identity If need isn’t met; employment opportunities are decreased and ability to meet other needs is reduced.

Answer 5

PEOPLE WITH A DISABILITY Sickness Allowance; for short-term disability Mobility Allowance; Assists with transport costs for those who can’t use public transport HOMELESS PEOPLE Department of Human services; crisis payments, centrelink, rent deduction scheme Many require fixed addresses; which homeless don’t have GLBTI: GLBTI youth, disabled GLBTI individuals or homeless GLBTI individuals can access the services stated above Many GLBTI individuals prefer to use the internet to access services, due to anonymity it provides YOUTH NSW Department of Fair Trading→ advises youth about financial aid and employment issues Centrelink allowances

Answer 6

PEOPLE WITH A DISABILITY Person may require modifications to their home (ramps, handrails in bathrooms etc) May need accommodation with full or part time care. HOMELESS PEOPLE Department of Housing→ short term accommodation for homeless people Crisis Accommodation Program GLBTI: Some landlords may be discriminate against GLBTI individuals in terms of renting etc GLBTI house may be safe haven, free from discrimination YOUTH Most live at home with parents Emergency shelters, emergency refuges→ exist in community

Answer 7

PEOPLE WITH A DISABILITY Public transport→ accessibility standards enforced; designated seats, ramps, boarding devices Private vehicles; disabled parking spots; wheelchair access HOMELESS PEOPLE Unlikely people will use public transport due to discrimination from public, or unable to pay fare GLBTI: May access Community Transport→ not for profit transport service May use public transport, or private cars YOUTH Public transport concessions→ reduced costs

Answer 8

PEOPLE WITH A DISABILITY Free legal aid from Disability discrimination legal service Australian centre for disability law→ protects rights HOMELESS PEOPLE Homeless Person’s Legal Service→ free service to people who are homeless or at risk of becoming homeless GLBTI: LGBTI legal service→ not for profit organisation offer advice and legal support for GLBTI individuals YOUTH Legal Aid ACT, LAwstuff, legal aid websites→ provide free support and services for youth in need of aid or advice

Answer 9

PEOPLE WITH A DISABILITY Sign language specialist for deaf children in school Braille technology for the blind at school HOMELESS PEOPLE Father Chris Riley’s Youth off the streets: GLBTI: Many GLBTI individuals prefer to use the internet to access services, due to anonymity it provides May choose to unenrol from mainstream schooling if faced with discrimination and return in later years to complete pathways education YOUTH Compulsory education until end of Year 10 Educational ‘pathways’ allow youth to acquire training in prospective field of employment while still in school. E.g. ACU Step up to Nursing program run in the school holidays

Answer 10

PEOPLE WITH A DISABILITY Disability employment services→ assist employment of people with disability HOMELESS PEOPLE Mission Australia: Provide basic training programs that can help homeless people acquire skills to help obtain employment GLBTI: Being a GLBTI individual doesn’t affect performance at work, but if discrimination occurs during work, individuals may need to access legal aid services YOUTH Job Services Australia→ Govt national employment services, provides skills, training and support to those under 21

Answer 11

PEOPLE WITH A DISABILITY Carers, nursing staff, professional mental health practitioners MOIRA disability counselling→ works to meet specific needs HOMELESS PEOPLE Can access mental health counselling, drug and alcohol clinics run by services such as Red Cross GLBTI: Sydney Gay Counselling→ support for those who feel confused about their identity, how to work through relationship problems with friends and family etc YOUTH ReachOut→ support to youth with mental health problems Youth off the Streets; assists homeless youth Beyondblue, Kids Helpline etc

Answer 12

PEOPLE WITH A DISABILITY Type of service dependent on type of disability E.g. Physiotherapy for person with nerve damage etc HOMELESS PEOPLE NSW Health: Employ health workers who provide basic healthcare to homeless people in accommodation centres and on the streets GLBTI: National LGBTI Health Alliance: provide health care services for GLBTI individuals YOUTH Department of Health: Vaccinations to all youth Health Care Card: Low-income youth to access cheaper prescription medicines

Answer 13

AGE: Both ends of lifespan→ may be carer dependent for assistance in accessing services (E.g. financial support, healthcare) Some may be difficult to assist (immobility and factors related to age/size) GENDER: Disability from motor accidents→ more frequently (males) → greater compensation, rehabilitation available to men Women→ fewer education opportunities, earn less, more likely to be institutionalised or exposed to violence LEVEL OF EDUCATION Education needed to manage disabilities Intellectual disabilities→ learn to use mobiles, internet→ increases access to info, enhances communication Young receive additional assistance at school and in TAFE (specialised teachers/classrooms) CULTURE: Some community facilities cater to people from ethnic backgrounds TYPE OF DISABILITY Type and degree of disability; significant in accessing services (long, short term, life threatening, uncomfortable etc) Disability is diverse and so is range of support available FIRST LANGUAGE SPOKEN May affect familiarity/knowledge of services (confidence reduced when language barriers) Many services have interpreters, written fact sheets in different languages) SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS Many have welfare support (limits access to private hospitals, occupational therapists etc) Higher ses→ can buy specialised equipment (motorised wheelchairs etc) but those with low ses are on waiting lists Lower ses: harder to participate in specialised activities, e.g.Paralympic games

Answer 14

AGE: Affects all ages (2% are 75+) (17% children under 12) Children might not know service exists, adolescent may think they are too young to seek housing assistance Older homeless; may have age related health conditions prevents from accessing services GENDER: Create division according to gender (more support for women→ increased need to protect from domestic violence) Emergency short and long term accommodation for both LEVEL OF EDUCATION: Many have poor literacy/numeracy skills→ need programs to improve Need education about accommodation, welfare groups, social programs available to them, or won’t know they are there CULTURE: Cultural barriers→ may make fearful of govt agencies/welfare groups Some find accommodation/services offered culturally inappropriate (gender, desegregation, food prep, prayer space) TYPE OF DISABILITY: Mental health issues→ difficulties accessing services→ barriers in communication Many are discriminated against when seeking private rental accommodation Physical disabilities→ affect ability to travel to certain places to access services FIRST LANGUAGE SPOKEN: May affect familiarity/knowledge of services (confidence reduced when language barriers) No interpreters, lack of cultural understanding, racism, discrimination→ affects access to service SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS: Most don’t have income→ restricts ability to engage in consumer-driven society Hard to seek govt support or employment if difficulties in providing form of identification (driver's license, passport

Answer 15

AGE: Young might not know about types of support (healthcare, counselling etc) or struggle with identity and sexuality→ fear rejection from family/friends (keep identity a secret→ harder to access resources) Some young find it exciting/liberating Not previously consideration to older GLBTI community. Sex-Discrimination Amendment Act 2013→ now providers can’t turn away GLBTI clients due to sexuality, gender etc GENDER: All genders can access services; might mean disclosing info not previously shared; females more likely to than males Service providers need to use gender neutral language to make GLBTI feel comfortable disclosing and addressing issues LEVEL OF EDUCATION: Knowledge of diversity, support services, safe sex practices→ increase willingness to access resources improving wellbeing Need to educate community→ ensure acceptance, support of GLBTI individuals accessing community resources CULTURE: Acknowledging gender diversity brings ‘shame’ on family (leads to hiding sexuality from family)due to culture. Experiences lead to depression/anxiety→ reduce chance of accessing services TYPE OF DISABILITY: Some services don't identify and acknowledge variety of needs in addition to disabilities (don’t acknowledge GLBTI) Most services only deal with disability→ reluctant to advise services that support GLBTI individuals FIRST LANGAUGE SPOKEN: Interpreter may be needed; bilingual staff and client family/friends not enough→ may not be trained or familiar with legal/ethical issues (confidentiality), may not understand neutral role in interaction, might try to spare from bad news SOCIOECONIMIC STATUS: Better ses→ more services available, may be better able to afford private health care, suitable transport, secure housing Lower ses→ Less choice, rely on public healthcare, transport, financial govt assistance, counselling from charity groups. Regardless of ses→ those who reach out to service; more likely to achieve wellbeing

Answer 16

AGE: Age may prevent from having knowledge. Many find age prevents from securing greater responsibility roles at work, having opinion respected, gaining adequate accommodation. → Not given opportunity to acquire skills GENDER: Men less likely to seek help when confronted with physical/mental health issues Women feel intimidated if confronted by aggressive/humiliating behaviour→ less chance of seeking help from service LEVEL OF EDUCATION: Low level of education→ low self esteem, lack of self worth→ discourages from accessing service Many cases; education level linked to ability of obtaining employment CULTURE: Some cultures; women don’t need to be educated→ lack of motivation to be educated stops young women accessing services Absence of culturally appropriate assistance→ stop accessing services TYPE OF DISABILITY: May feel uncomfortable; discrimination still happens Taunting language, negative body language, lack of appropriate disability access/facilities→ won’t access service FIRST LANGUAGE SPOKEN: Language proficiency may prevent youth from obtaining employment; because of discrimination or low self esteem, SOCIOECONIMIC STATUS: Some services unaffordable E.g. driving lessons, skiing lessons etc Free services available; many still struggle, unable to leave employment to access service Low ses→ low self esteem, embarrassed to ask help, depression. Travelling to facilities→ inability to pay for transport

Answer 17

TIME: Must have time to be transported to service (usually time consuming) MONEY: Some need expensive equipment (E.g. Beach wheelchair more expensive) Allowances given, but income might not compare with full time employment ENERGY: Varies on age and condition→ may affect decision to be involved in employment/education courses KNOWLEDGE: Some can’t communicate→ some think lack of communication means lack of knowledge Tech advances→ more opportunities to acquire knowledge (but specialised equipment expensive) Difficulties accessing tech→ harder to find out about services in area

Answer 18

TIME: Perceived as having lots of time→ irregular sleeping patterns during night may be unproductive Time management poor→ lack of personal motivation Service hours, meetings→ seem irrelevant as don’t have schedules or deadlines MONEY: No money→ no employment, no bank account, fear of being robbed Limited money→ restricts access to services where fees are charged (Anxiety, low self esteem) ENERGY: Limited diet (sometimes only 1 meal per day) → lack energy Priority; maintain body temp, stamina→ won’t engage in unnecessary activity Reduced energy levels, stamina→ unlikely to walk to services; more prone to illnesses KNOWLEDGE: Likely to have lower education levels→ unlikely to know about services May feel uncomfortable asking for help; so won’t ask about services available

Answer 19

TIME: Need to be able to attend regular support meetings or functions MONEY: Need to pay for public transport/petrol to attend appointments with counsellor/healthcare worker ENERGY: Need energy to attend appointments with healthcare workers (E.g. If have depression) KNOWLEDGE: Need knowledge of online searching; find out about safe sex practices (prevent STDs or HIV/AIDS)

Answer 20

TIME: Many waste time (social media, TV/DVD, excessive sleeping on weekends) Some totally engrossed in study or sport→ don’t explore services available to them MONEY: If activity is expensive→ limits participation Youth who live at home/paying job→ access to services less restricted Youth who lack money→ limits housing, health, food, education options and ability to get to service Immediate need of food; more important than transport to visit service ENERGY: Lots of energy→ but many passive in leisure time; low motivation linked to low energy Companions needed to accompany→ limits opportunities available Some are isolated due to belief/value system (impacts sense of identity & desire to access services) KNOWLEDGE: Unaware of location/existence→ unable to use service Knowledge linked to education→ may not fully understand eligibility for assistance and don’t apply

Answer 21

PEOPLE WITH A DISABILITY Opening hours: Rely on assistance with toileting, dressing, feeding, medication→ may limit time to access service Confidentiality: Have rights to access service without disclosing unnecessary personal info and confidentiality Location: Provision of accessible parking spots? Rural areas→ may have to travel to access service Staffing: Staff need to be trained to offer support (many people with disabilities require assistance with paperwork, ad meeting govt requirements) HOMELESS PEOPLE Opening hours: Need night services (safety is issue as in day; sleep or looking for food) Confidentiality: May be embarrassed to seek assistance or feel security is threatened if details are recorded Location: Some have limited transport options (no money for public transport) Staffing: Staff may be unsympathetic, poorly trained, cultural barriers, prejudiced etc GLBTI Opening hours: Some open 24/7 (online chat rooms) some permanent hours Confidentiality: Prefer online/anonymity→ fear being ‘outed’ Location: If easily accessible, one less barrier Staffing: All staff need to be understanding and sensitive to needs of the group YOUTH Opening hours: Generally full time study/work→ access to services in business hours is difficult Confidentiality: Critical to feel safe and secure, need to feel comfortable, (E.g.when talking to counsellors) Location: As young people are less likely to own transport, services need to be located close to public transport Staffing: Staff needs to be supportive, need to be attentive and not patronising

Answer 22

Government policies and legislation and organisations that support the group→ create positive social environment Govt policy and legislation→ regulate, create equality and protect human rights Policy→ Beliefs/Ideology of govt Legislation→ Laws that exist in order to apply the policy Non discrimination and equality should be visible in all aspects of the law E.g. Youth: Education Amendment Bill: School attendance legal and compulsory until 17, person is in training or works E.g. GLBTI:Anti-Discrimination Act 1997: Discrimination on the basis of race, sex, disability, homosexuality, transgender status, age is prohibited

Answer 23

YOUTH: Services online or physical→ sense of belonging as people their age know what they are going through The way youth access these resources→ depends on factors that affect access to services Kids Helpline 24/7 → easily accessible, adolescent friendly. Helps youth with info about bullying, suicide prevention, parent separation, sexuality Improves emotional wellbeing, raises self esteem, sense of belonging Centrelink Youth can meet needs through payments Allow socioeconomic imbalance to be addressed→ economic wellbeing improved Can achieve specific needs; food, clothing etc→ adequate standard of living needs satisfied GLBTI Individuals may require specific support for ‘coming out’ to friends/family or if discrimination Whilst there are a range of online services, GLBTI individuals in rural and remote areas experience difficulties in accessing appropriate services. PFLAG Parents and Friends of Lesbians And Gays→ help, support and info to families and friends of gay people Sense of identity→ many GLBTI individuals struggle with their gender or sexual identity and coming out to their friends/family Organisation helps families work together to accept one another→ provides info, support Helps families be more understanding, accepting of diversity→ improves emotional, social wellbeing, sense of belonging and strong self esteem

Answer 24

YOUTH Universal Declaration on Human Rights: Advocates the rights of youth are the same as the rights given to all other individuals Human rights are universal and are to be enjoyed by all people, regardless of who they are or where they live; however, youth often face inequalities in following areas; Socioeconomic inequity (many youth are dependent on adults for financial security or are low paid, often part time employment Social inequity (social stigma and negative stereotypes; e.g. Youth are referred to as ‘Gen Y’ and too busy on the internet to contribute positively to society) Political inequity (Many not old enough to vote and often have no say in political decision making) Geographical (rural youth are at disadvantage in terms of education, employment and social support) Educational inequity (Particularly the case for socioeconomically disadvantaged and rural youth) Discrimination (on the grounds of racial, age, sexual and gender issues Unequal access to resources such as employment, accommodation, transport and health In order to address some inequities, a management strategy or action plan, needs to be developed; Can be using existing laws or proposing a change o existing laws, or creation of a new policy or additional government funding to address a need Sometimes when addressing inequities, conflict with other groups or competing financial resources occurs; comes about due to differing beliefs, values or standards E.g. Government can address socioeconomic inequities by providing easier access to youth homeless payments without need for passports, identification they may not have etc GLBTI Equity issues need to be addressed to create more equal social environment Meeting needs (SHESEA) Access to services (FAT LEECH) Health care (physical, emotional, mental) Right to equal employment opportunities Privacy and confidentiality Freedom from discrimination, stigma, harassment, and physical violence The legal right to marry (recognition of same-sex relationships by the law and society) E.g. Inequity that same-sex marriage isn’t legal or sanctioned in Australia. It was legal for 2 months, but then legally overturned and all marriages that had occurred were annulled. Discrimination Many young GLBTI individuals face harassment and abuse for their gender identity Discrimination may be obvious (refused entry to nightclub) or subtle (referring to something disliked as gay) Repeated discrimination→ stress, anxiety, depression Anti- discrimination laws in place but shouldn’t be needed Violence and harassment: Some use violence/intimidation to hurt/insult GLBTI Often due to own fears or lack of understanding of diversity Violence, bullying,harassment can occur in school, workplace, social settings→ experience isolation, threatened, low self esteem, suicide Health issues: Often unsafe sexual behaviour (STDs, HIV) Higher incidence of HIV in gay community→ prejudiced against Successful intervention.prevention programs→ counselling, education, medical treatment

Answer 25

YOUTH Education Amendment Bill School attendance legal and compulsory until 17, person is in training or works Policy improves better employment chances and better wages→ stay in school Youth Allowance and Abstudy Payments help socioeconomic and education inequity Economic Support while completing studies→ stay in school Concession Cards Cheaper travel on public transport/discount rates at movies Improve inequities from socioeconomic disadvantages→ improves community participation GLBTI Anti-Discrimination Act 1997 Discrimination on the basis of race, sex, disability, homosexuality, transgender status, age is prohibited Ensures GLBTI individuals can’t be discriminated against in accessing employment, education, accessing services (FAT LEECH) in the community Under this act, a GLBTI individual can’t be denied the opportunity to fully engage in the community Sex Discrimination Amendment Act 2013 Discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex people is illegal Recognises importance to treat people with respect and without discrimination regardless of identity Promotes equality→ everyone is treated fairly and without prejudice or harassment Increases sense of belonging within community→ people won't discriminate and harass (harms emotional and social wellbeing of GLBTI people)

Answer 26

YOUTH Kids Helpline 24/7 → easily accessible, adolescent friendly. Helps youth with info about bullying, suicide prevention, parent separation, sexuality Improves emotional wellbeing, raises self esteem, sense of belonging Centrelink Youth can meet needs through payments Allow socioeconomic imbalance to be addressed→ economic wellbeing improved Can achieve specific needs; food, clothing etc→ adequate standard of living needs satisfied Youth Allowance Parental means and personal income tested→ allows youth to study full time, complete apprenticeship, move away from home if in difficult situations Improves sense of identity, economic and emotional wellbeing GLBTI PFLAG Parents and Friends of Lesbians And Gays→ help, support and info to families and friends of gay people Sense of identity→ many GLBTI individuals struggle with their gender or sexual identity and coming out to their friends/family Organisation helps families work together to accept one another→ provides info, support Helps families be more understanding, accepting of diversity→ improves emotional, social wellbeing, sense of belonging and strong self esteem Twenty10 Counselling, support agencies, accommodation to GLBTI community and their families Adequate standard of living, safety and security→ if GLBTI individual is unable to live at home accomodation provide shelter, protects the individual Counselling, support services→ sense of identity; families can be educated to be inclusive of gender diversity, maintaining relationship with GLBTI family member Beyond Blue (GLBTI) Online/phone support services, and info helping GLBTI people struggling with their identity or ‘coming out’ Sense of identity→ recognise gender diversity should be celebrated. Acceptance and support services help individuals cope and be proud of who they are Education→ how to cope with issues faced regarding coming out or transitioning→ helps individuals learn what they need to do in order to live in positive environment Health→ Mental health issues are addressed, how to seek help for mental illness

Answer 27

YOUTH Age discrimination: In the workforce, your age determines your pay. Younger youth receive less pay for completing the same tasks as older youth. STRATEGIES: Universal base pay. Specific amounts for everyone regardless of age. E.g. Everyone receives $15 an hour GLBTI No same sex marriage→ lobby to govt etc

Answer 28

YOUTH Youth volunteer around the community. E.g. Referring sporting matches, feeding homeless, reading at nursing homes. Can be loving family members→ help around the house, babysit younger siblings etc Go to school→ be educated, succeed in world→ make positive contributions to community May be role models, volunteers. E.g. Youth group leaders, scouts Youth are technologically advanced→ willing to share knowledge in new advances (internet, phones) May be involved in community organisations. E.g. SES, St John Ambulance GLBTI Promote human rights and greater acceptance of individual differences (E.g. Wear It Purple Day in response to suicides brought about by bullying) Willingness to challenge conservative opinions, attitudes towards sexuality Advocating for safe sex practices Contribution to arts community→ art as device for social change,expressing feelings, building resilience and understandings (graphics, drama, dance) Proactive organisation and support of community based support services→ members generate greater understandings of issues Financial contributions to economy→ Higher income sometimes provides significant funds to local, state, economies. E.g. Sydney Mardi Gras provides huge tourist income

Answer 29

YOUTH Volunteering: Challenges negative stigma surrounding youth and allows community to see youth interacting and helping others. Shows initiative, independence and youth as role models. Youth making difference in the community, helping others E.g. Youth volunteering for the Vinnies van, delivering food and hot drinks to homeless people. Volunteering late at night to help others. Handing out blankets etc and improving the physical and emotional wellbeing of homeless people. Social wellbeing improves as volunteers listen to the homeless people’s stories. Community attitudes positively improved as can see youth helping others. GLBTI Mardi- Gras: Influences economic wellbeing of community→ opportunities for local businesses and shopkeepers to gain income from increased pop staying for festival Popularity means more people in area→ increased expenditure,benefits local businesses and shops Tourist attraction→ economic wellbeing of community and benefits GLBTI individuals→ community is grateful for increased income & so will continue to support the Mardi Gras

Answer 30

Advocacy; Speaking up for human rights,drawing attention tos specific needs and concerns Effective advocacy→ lobbying, public education, raising awareness, engaging media to publicise issues of concern E.g. Advocating for same sex marriage→ lobbying politicians to promote marriage equality, ensuring media publicise issue and draw attention to current inequity

Answer 31

YOUTH Youth do great work that goes unrecognised→ society focuses on negative actions Youth achievements need to be recognised→ wellbeing is positively influenced Schools promote initiatives for and by youth Organisations, organise community awareness programs, activities for youth and broader community. E.g. Headspace E.g. 2014 Young Australian of the Year (Jacqueline Freney) Paralympian swimmer→ raises awareness of spirit of youth Shows with hard work and determination, anything is possible GLBTI Many who work to raise awareness, done to: Raise GLBTI visibility and raise awareness of issues/injustices Mobilise GLBTI population→ increases GLBTI community voice Fight for human rights Build support from general pop

Answer 32

YOUTH Often negative aspects of youth behaviour→ catches media attention Profiling collective and individual achievements→ generates heightened understanding in community Newspapers, promotion of activities, youth events→ educate community Informal networks→ inform local and wider community of events in which youth are immersed Local organisations that provide services, work with youth→ strong advocates of clients and educate community GLBTI Providing education→ beneficial to human rights, and is targeted at enhancing wellbeing of GLBTI individuals, family, friends and colleagues Reducing homophobia (anti-gay prejudice) and aim of zero tolerance of GLBTI harassment, discrimination and physical violence→ enhances individual and community wellbeing E.g. Sydney Mardi Gras Community organisation→ raises awareness and visibility of GLBTI community Variety of events, culminating in popular Mardi Gras parade Aus police provide education→ support programs, trained gay and lesbian liaison officers. March every year in parade to show support and enhance relationship with police & GLBTI community

Answer 33

YOUTH Rights protect against injustice, help reach individual’s potential and contribute to wellbeing Rights involve legal and moral responsibilities and have become laws in society E.g. Working with Children Checks Assists organisations to develop policies, procedures to keep children and adolescents safe Protects youth in out of home care environments (Fostering, adopting) Required for teaching, coaching, employing youth→ allows for safety to be accounted for, so no one faces discrimination or abuse GLBTI Protect against injustice, enable to reach potential and contribute to wellbeing Legal and moral responsibilities and have become laws in society No special rights specific to GLBTI individuals But United Nations Human Rights Charter→ ensures GLBTI individuals receive same protection against discrimination and right to equality as everyone else.

Answer 34

Parent Has responsibility of raising and nurturing a child, promotes their development within the family Biological parents; Contribute genetic material (sexual intercourse or Assisted Reproductive Technologies) Carer Looks after the needs and wellbeing of a dependent;provides services they may not be able to do themselves Social parents; Parental responsibility for child they don't share a genetic relationship with.

Answer 35

Adoptive (social) All legal rights/responsibilities transferred from birth parents to adoptive parents Permanent care for children unable to live with birth families Foster (social) Alternative living arrangements for those with parents temporarily unable to care for them Caregivers paid fortnightly allowance to meet needs of child Children placed in care if at risk from domestic violence, physical or emotional needs not being met Step-parenting (social) Man/Woman marries or forms de-facto relationship with parenter who has child Not biological parent; but treats child as a member of the family Surrogacy (social) Arrangement between couple who can’t have baby and woman who becomes pregnant on their behalf Surrogate can’t be paid, but adoptive parents generally cover all medical expenses Adoptive parents must apply to adopt to be listed on birth certificate; then have same legal rights as biological parent

Answer 36

ADOPTION Legislation All legal rights/responsibilities transferred to adoptive parents; child receives amended birth certificate If child is over 12→ must consent to adoption Child name changes Requires consent of both biological parents Community beliefs and attitudes More socially acceptable thanks to celebrities (E.g hugh Jackman, Angelina Jolie) Social acceptance of gay/lesbians→ more adoptions More older parents having children→ less adoptions Aboriginal children not usually adopted into non-indigenous families; placed in kinship groups Reproductive Technologies Those undertaking fertility treatments; not eligible to adopt Improvements in contraception; Less children to adopt Health conditions of birth parents made available→ health conditions can be researched FOSTERING Legislation Carer allowances Minimum standards for accreditation Cannot make medical decisions or undertake legal proceedings on behalf of child Must consult with Family and Community services about schooling, faith practices Community beliefs and attitudes More socially accepted;families feel like giving back to the community Misconception that people foster for the money Issues may arise with contact of child's birth parents; clashes Reproductive Technologies Advancements in reproductive tech; Decrease in number of children put up or adoption→ decrease in children placed with foster families STEP-PARENTING Legislation No legal responsibility Medical authorities may consult stepparent if neither biological parent is available Childs name may be changed to step-parents; if approval from non-custodial parent Community beliefs and attitudes Common; Increased divorce/remarriage rates Conflict if traditions clash; especially older children Rules set by stepparent may cause stress or tension Community perception; Intact original nuclear family is superior to any blended family Reproductive Technology Issues may arise for remarried couples trying to conceive a child; may need to turn to tech (especially older couples) SURROGACY Legislation Commercial surrogacy illegal→ Jail time, High fines WA and SA→ same sex or single people banned from surrogacy Community beliefs and attitudes Rights of each party aren’t clear; specific criteria needs to be established based on honour agreement (not legally binding) Controversial→ many religions still against any form of intervention Reproductive Technology Some choose to freeze eggs in hope they will find suitable partner; if natural contraception not achieved; frozen eggs used instead

Answer 37

Primary ABS; Provides informal assistance to a person with one or more disability or is aged over 60+ Informal Any person who gives regular ongoing assistance to another without payment E.g. Grandparent who picks child up from school and looks after her until her parents come from work Young carers; Young people who care and support family members with long term physical illness Formal Trained professionals; provide care through formal agencies paid for by receiver. E.g. Nurse, Aged-care worker, High school teacher

Answer 38

Women make up 70% of primary carers of people with a disability (ABS). Traditionally over-represented in caring, nurturing and caring role Gap between male and female income→ If a choice between who stays in the workforce; more likely to be higher income earner 36-64 age group continues to provide most primary care for individuals across Australia→ due to Australia’s ageing pop and number of grandparent carers Youth carers may be able to have more energy/ time than older people who are balancing work, family and caring

Answer 39

Most common reason; sense of family responsibility (63%) Felt they could provide better care than anyone else (50%) and the feeling emotional obligation to take on the role (41%) Most likely that no other friends or family able to take on the caring role Annual value of informal care is 1.32 billion hours per year→ If paid care that would equal $40 billion dollars→ alternative care is very expensive

Answer 40

Adequate standard of living Provide children with food, clothing, shelter Nutritious food, appropriate to development stage and energy output of child Regularly laundered clothing and safe housing Safety and security Shelter, show child understanding, love and support Consistency and routines; assist child to develop security Health Food, clothing, hygiene practices Administer basic first aid and engage services of medical personnel Education Encouraging play, language and literature acquisition Sense of Identity Consistent love, support given→ strong sense of belonging, self-esteem

Answer 41

Occur from birth through love, bonding, affection, understanding and patience Parents should prioritise time with their child and showing genuine interest in their activities Children of any age need to feel valued and affirmed Children should develop self-discipline and maturity through taking on age- appropriate responsibilities→ parents need to model appropriate behaviour (skills are ‘caught not taught’) Carers best help by providing assistance when needed but still allows opportunities for independence Person being cared for should be treated with care and respect (E.g. speaking to dependent at eye level and using appropriate care) May be difficult if carer cares for spouse or partner; roles change and so do responsibilities and relationship

Answer 42

Meeting the specific needs of the dependent or child will enhance overall wellbeing. Ensuring that the dependent is treated with care and respect will positively influence emotional wellbeing and increase self esteem. Appropriately caring for the dependent ensures that physical wellbeing is enhanced and maintaining a positive relationship with the dependent or child increases social and emotional wellbeing. In meeting the specific needs and ensuring the individuals is well cared for, wellbeing will be positively increased. For example, a carer may positively promote the social wellbeing of an aged relative by taking them to the theatre or the park, which allows them to interact with others.

Answer 43

CHANGING HEALTH BEHAVIOURS Parents Maintain healthy balanced diet, drink plenty of water When pregnant; Increase folic acid intake, don’t drink alcohol, coffee or smoke Regular exercise and 7-8 hours of sleep Regular GP appointments Attending prenatal classes; meet with others in same situation Carers Eat variety of fresh, nutritious foods→ make them available to dependent when appropriate Engaging in variety of physical activities to assist in maintaining healthy lifestyle and carrying out activities such as playing, lifting, showering and bathing Investigating local support groups, in order to interact with other carers in similar situation Meeting with other carers to gain more exposure to the role ORGANISING FINANCES Includes budgeting, saving and setting up support payments Parents need to be prepared for potential costs of hospitals, obstetricians, medical expenses, clothing nappies and equipment Carers may need to put aside money for modifying the home, education and training or specialized equipment Parents and carers may need to save up to help them when they are off work caring for the dependent→ may be used for mortgage, bills or buying food High costs of caring mean that some support payments may be provided by the government, including parental leave pay, carer allowance, carer payment and family tax benefit. MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Assessment of current housing may need to occur to determine suitability for future dependents E.g. A childless couple who live in a one bedroom flat and who are planning to adopt a child, may need to move to a house with two bedrooms. Carers may need to consider the living arrangements of the family to care for the dependent. E.g A family who are going to take care of their grandfather who uses a wheelchair, may need to ensure that hallways and paths are clutter free and items on the floor may need to be moved. Play areas may be installed for babies and non slip mats, handrails and ramps installed for older dependents. ENHANCING KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS Parents Prenatal/postnatal classes, online courses, midwives Info from reliable parenting books, magazines, websites Aware of social media→ often provide inaccurate, unprofessional parenting advice Carers Informal carers may take part in online courses or workshops to help with caring for their dependent Many carer support services have online or face to face workshops on variety of topics and issues Universities have degrees in nursing, early childhood, education, medicine, and TAFE has courses in children’s services, enrolled nursing and aged care. Govt organisations (E.g. Family and Community Services) offer education and training

Answer 44

Age Age of dependent; will determine specific needs No matter age; positive relationship should be worked towards Promoting wellbeing through meeting needs; needs change through lifespan Skills/capabilities Skills/capabilities will influence parent/carer roles Some cases; person with disability may need assistance with bathing, feeding → may never be independent Special Needs Dependents may require more physical and emotional support in everyday activities Difficulties in communication may impact on ability to build positive relationships

Answer 45

CULTURE, CUSTOMS AND TRADITION Sharing cultural beliefs and customs can promote bonding (families celebrate rituals and participate in festivals together) In multicultural society, conflict may occur in relationships when the cultural norms of the parents are different from those of the society in which they live The culture, customs and traditions of both the carer and dependent need to be respected and valued RELGION/SPIRITUALITY Generally parents try to pass on their faith practices or delegate this to a school with a religious ethos; if young person chooses to follow an alternative path to the one modelled by his/her parents→ may be difficult for both Carers need to respect the religion and values of their dependents→ includes being observant of their faith and not compromising their way of life Spiritual practices taken on by the parent, carer and/or dependent may or may not be shared→ essential that all parties respect, and are open about, the practices that are expressed OWN UPBRINGING The way in which people are raised will undoubtedly influence the way they parent If a person is positive about family life/shared family experiences→ likely to try and repeat experience for own children Negative experiences in family life may lead parent to adopt other goals/values to create a different experience→ so child can have better opportunity than parents did PREVIOUS EXPERIENCES Parenting/caring may be modified→ evolving practices or experiences E.g after first child is raised, parents will have had learning experiences that impact on the parenting of future children E.g. After caring for a parent with dementia, a person may be calmer and more aware in caring for another person with that problem MULTIPLE COMMITMENTS Many roles that have different obligations and responsibilities→ amount of energy and time these pursuits take can affect the quality of relationships with dependents Parents and carers need to develop management skills so that they can meet the responsibilities expectations of multiple roles (E.g. Setting and prioritising goals, establishing routines, seeking support) A carer with multiple roles may engage more formal support for the dependents(e.g. community transport, home care etc) EDUCATION Education enhances skills/knowledge of parents and carers to they understand or be better able to deal with daily interactions that are part of parenting and caring relationships→ educated parent/carer more likely to be aware of support services available and use them Parents are children’s first teachers and early learning taking place in child's first years can make a difference in development of literacy and numeracy skills If a carer is formally qualified or has had experience in care→ dependent usually receives higher quality of care than if no experience or education SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS 50% of primary carers are low income→ may find it hard to cover living expenses, save money or build up superannuation→ reduces capacity to access private nurses Person from high income family may put their dependent in a nursing home→ may lead to resentment form dependent as there is less involvement by family members in their care High Income families may send their child to boarding school which weakens the quality of the relationship or uses nannies to look after the children. Activities that improve communication may be low cost such as bushwalking, bowling etc and may be more effective in building bond than lavishing children with gifts SPECIAL NEEDS Parenting or caring role may be enhanced due to close bond that develops when carers and their dependents spend quality time together Relationship between parent/carer and dependent may be more difficult at times due to ineffective communication, demands on time due to frequent medical attention. Stress in the relationship can also occur due to the need for dependency Often support networks supplement role of parents and carers so that optimum relationships are maintained (E.g. Provision of special schools, community support-home care)

Answer 46

Community attitudes Reflect prevailing norms of people within certain areas→ may include prescribed behaviours, dress standards, education methods, acceptable activities Families who don't conform or who are unaware may face opposition and questioning by others. E.g. Parents who choose to homeschool children→ may will question decision E.g. Vaccination→ hostility between parents who hold different opinions. Or when appropriate to cease breastfeeding Gender expectations Socialisation→ people of different genders behave distinctively and reflected in ways parent and carer's role carried out. Child's concept of being male or female develops from observing and modelling parents behaviour Expectations parents have of their children will influence interaction with them. Traditionally males are breadwinners and women are nurturing, caring, household Carers many are female, growing number of male carers but women demanded more as associated with nurturing role Today parents generally share roles and more flexibility for working mothers and “house husbands” Media stereotypes Individuals exposed to behaviours and opinions expressed on tv, radio, Internet, magazines, advertisement images. E.g. Tv still portrays women in roles of housewife and males as breadwinners Often messages are subtle. Sometimes messages challenge acceptable individual values and may have negative impact. Sometimes have positive impact if compatible with individual values Media enabled carers and dependent to find out more about financial support, advocacy, respite→ leads to carers performing roles more effectively and enhances relationship with dependants.

Answer 47

Authoritarian Demanding, inflexible parent or carer who usually has preconceived goals to achieve Expects obedience, dependents have little input into decisions that may affect them Can result in dependent becoming resentful and distant. May not promote wellbeing of depend as dependent unable to become independent E.g. Positive in some situations, for example if house is on fire Democratic Invites all members to have a say in decisions Dependents feel appreciated, more likely to build respectful, positive relationship as time spent together is valued Wellbeing of both parent/carer and dependent is enhanced when there is effective communication Permissive/Indulgent Excessive leniency→ dependent ask permission to be involved in an activity and parent/carer likely to agree Dependent may get their way and lack respect for parent/carer due to opposition to setting rules for dependent to follow With few limits set, may feel parents don't care about them May lead to poor wellbeing as dependent may engage in high risk behaviour → safety and security not met Negligent May be physical when insufficient food is available (may be due to gambling, substance issues) May not have suitable clothing or hygiene needs met Emotional may be lack of warmth, affirmation and physical affection Negligence in supervision has resulted in tragedies from not keeping dependents under watchful eye Parents/carers responsible for meeting needs and needs aren't met with negligent parenting or caring Dependents wellbeing not promoted, may be malnourished, unhealthy Poor quality relationship as dependent doesn't feel loved and protected

Answer 48

Parents Family Law Act (1975) → parents have right to discipline child Ensure access to education Legal proceedings on child’s behalf Carers Have right to be recognised and acknowledged in their role and receive financial assistance Be covered under the Anti-Discrimination Act Children/dependents Child has the right to make their own decisions and over the age of 14 can made their own legal decisions Dependents have the right to participate in decisions affecting their life, be protected from neglect and abuse, adequate care, compassion and understanding

Answer 49

A responsibility is a duty or obligation Parents and carers have responsibility to develop skills, secure a safe environment. Establish and maintain communication patterns. Listen to and value the dependents contributions. Ensure medicine administered Duty of care Parents and carers must meet needs of the dependent Parents of compulsory school-aged children have duty to cause the child to be enrolled at school, or be registered for home schooling Duty of care can be transferred (parent placing child in childcare centre, or child going to school) Setting limits Dependents have right to firm guidelines and limits, allows them to Know what is right and expected of them, Know how far they can go, Learn about fairness, Respect others, Foster their self esteem Limits set by parents may conflict with opinions/views of dependent Discipline Important rules should be established and reasons for should be discussed with the dependent Dependent should be aware of fair and reasonable consequences for breaking rules Praised when rules are followed Consistently, assertively and calmly follow through with consequences when rules are broken Change rules and expectations as dependent grows older

Answer 50

RELATIVES Parenting role is increasingly shared between partners (due to extensive changes in society, such as growth in female workplace participation during childbearing years) Fathers are spending more time with children Constant support of immediate family members means a parent or carer can fulfil roles with ease. E.g. Parent may ask their sibling to spend a day with the dependent, so they can have some respite. Adolescents frequently take on responsibility for younger siblings (babysitting, cooking, transport etc) → gives parents more time to manage additional roles Grandparents and grandchildren that have affection and interest in each other→ emotional wellbeing improves and ability to give and receive affection improved Grandparents→ assist in child care and pass on family cultures, traditions and help provide social, economic and emotional support FRIENDS Spending time with friends may provide respite for a parent or carer, which improves their wellbeing May look after a dependent child if the parent needs to go to a doctor's appointment. NEIGHBOURS May provide informal support by picking up the dependent child of their neighbour, if the parent is running late from work.

Answer 51

Government agencies Government funded and administered groups E.g. Centrelink→ Financial support→ government payments to help support dependents needs etc Community Organisations Community organisations include welfare or charity groups. These may be funded by Governments but they are not considered government agencies. E.g. St Vincent de Paul→ Help disadvantaged families and may provide carers or parents with financial support or counselling that will increase emotional or economic wellbeing

Answer 52

PREPARE FOR THEIR ROLES Promoting the wellbeing of the dependent refers to meeting the needs of the child and developing a positive relationship with them. However, sometimes a parent may find it difficult to satisfy all factors affecting wellbeing. For example, a first time parent may find it challenging to satisfy their child's physical wellbeing, if the child has physical disabilities that means they can’t walk. Calling parent line allows the parent to gain support and advice from trained professionals, which may include tips on how to better satisfy the physical wellbeing of the child, such as engaging in a sports academy for children with a disability. Additionally parents roles include building and maintaining a positive relationship with the dependent. This may be difficult as, as children age, their relationship with their parents change as well. Parentline provides parents with the tools to work out how to effectively maintain positive relationships with dependents, despite their changing needs . Parents also have to satisfy the specific needs of the dependent, especially in regards to adequate standard of living, health, safety and security and sense of identity. Parents may sometimes find it difficult to satisfy the specific needs of the dependent at all times, and may find that in talking to a parentline counselor, they can gain expert opinion and advice on how to manage any conflicting information they have received, and their own personal views. FULFIL THEIR RESPONSIBILITIES Parents may find it difficult to know how to set limits with their child, and may question whether they are too lenient, or too unreasonable when enforcing this responsibility. A parent may phone parentline for advice on whether their set limit for their child is too harsh. Parentline assists parents in maintaining this responsibility by confirming whether practices already in place are effective, or if they should be changed to ensure the wellbeing of the child. Similarly, parents may call parentline counsellors to discuss their discipline measures, if their child breaks the limits set by them. If a child repeatedly breaks the rules and does not heed warnings, parentline counsellors may be able to suggest resources to implement tougher discipline measures. Parents also have the responsibility of duty of care for their children, involving maintaining the child's overall wellbeing and ensuring their welfare is met. Parents also have a duty of care to ensure their dependent receives education. Choosing the right school to go to, or deciding whether the dependent will be homeschooled can be difficult, → talk to counsellors for advice MAINTAIN THEIR OWN WELLBEING May sometimes feel overwhelmed in their role as a parent, neglect own wellbeing. Parentline allows parents to talk to trained professionals about their worries or concerns, or ask questions in a format where they won’t be judged. Parent receives advice or information about how to solve any challenging behaviour or situations arising from the dependent. Speaking to trained professionals allows parents to gain comfort and influence their self esteem in making the best decisions regarding their child. If parents become stressed, their own spiritual and emotional wellbeing is negatively impacted upon, and the parent may even experience physical illbeing.

Answer 53

- Health care, Child and Family Health Nursing Service. Government agency Clinic appointments or home visiting of children aged 0-5 and their families to assess and monitor physical development and health. - Education, Tresillian. Community organisation Centre based support services assisting parents with skills and knowledge in the child’s early years. - Financial support, Parenting Payment. Government agency Income support to assist with costs of raising children - Child Care, Scribbles and Giggles Childcare Centre. Community organisation 24 hour childcare services for babies to preschool age children - Respite care, Flexible Respite for Children Service. Community organisation Respite for parents with children that have a disability. Children attend camps or are taken out to leisure or recreational activities (e.g. cinema, parks etc) - Counselling Parent Line NSW. Community organisation Telephone counselling and support service for parents of children aged 0-18 in NSW

Answer 54

- Health care, KinCare Nursing Care. Community organisation Carers can access this service so that their dependent's health needs are met in their home. KinCare Nursing Care provides, medicine administration, monitoring, injections, assessment and disease management - Education, Carers NSW Education Program. Community organisation Information, knowledge and skills to help carers in their role - Financial support, Carer Allowance. Government agency Income supplements for carers of people with a disability, are aged or have a medical condition - Child Care, SDN Children’s Services. Community organisation. Preschool and long day care for children with special needs, disabilities or autism. . - Respite care, Commonwealth Home and Community Care Program. Government agency Respite services for carers of aged individuals - Counselling National Carer Counselling Program. Community Organisation Online, telephone or group counselling sessions for carers to assist with coping skills and improving wellbeing

Answer 55

YOUNG CARERS Respite Care Temporary care for dependent; carer can have time to themselves Young; Balancing work or study and caring→ may not have time for social life Respite; allows to meet up with friends→ improve social/emotional wellbeing May not always be available and may be expensive Financial Support Young who look after family; typically no income and only work limited hours Income for carers; allows young people to meet own needs E.g. Person caring for mother, unable to work can access income→ contribute to adequate standard of living AGED CARERS Respite Care May allow them to meet their multiple commitments, or allow them to rest and recuperate If carers don’t access respite support, or take time for themselves, they may grow to resent the dependent, as their own wants and needs aren’t being satisfied. E.g. Elderly woman caring for dementia husband; neglecting social activities→ able to rest, visit bridge club etc Financial Support Many are no longer working, only gaining a small income from superannuation or retirement funds that may not be enough to satisfy the needs of the dependent or themselves. For example, an aged man who wishes to make modifications to his home in order for his disabled wife to comfortably live, may need financial assistance in order to purchase additional equipment or materials, such as a handrail in the shower. FIRST-TIME PARENTS Education Accessing information that allows them to gain knowledge on how to best raise their dependent→ positively impact on emotional wellbeing. Education that allows the parent to gain knowledge or skills in rearing a child will make the parent feel more involved and successful Childcare Use the time without the dependent to meet other commitments. For example, a first time mother who had not seen her friends since giving birth, may access childcare in order to catch up with her friends→ social wellbeing . However, a first time parent may also experience negative social wellbeing, if friends express conflicting views on which child care service to use Childcare is also an expensive service→ economic illbeing WORKING PARENTS Education Provide them with opportunities to learn how to best connect with their children and maintain a positive relationship whilst they are in childcare. Education services that provide practical support to working parents on how to manage multiple commitments of work and caring for the child Childcare Transfer the duty of care of their dependent, to other trained professionals. Allows parents to return to work, study or gain respite during the hours the dependent is away from them. Allows the dependent to be cared for whilst the parent is away. The parent may experience positive emotional and spiritual wellbeing, in knowing that their dependent is safe and looked after by trained professionals. Working parents may feel guilt for leaving their child to be brought up by another.

Answer 56

TECHNOLOGY Study, development and application of devices,machines and techniques to manufacturing and productive processes TECH AS HARDWARE (E.g. Appliances, gadgets, toys) Toys: Primitive: Glass marbles→ Complex: Lego robot Appliances: Primitive: Stone axe→ Complex: Vacuum cleaner Gadgets: Primitive: Spear→ Complex: iPhone TECH AS SOFTWARE (E.g. Applications, databases, websites) Applications: Primitive: Abacus→ Complex: Photoshop Databases: Primitive: Filing cabinet→ Complex: iCloud Websites: Primitive: Encyclopedia→ Complex: Google TECH AS ORGANISATION OF KNOWLEDGE (E.g. Communications, media, Internet, home entertainment) Media: Primitive: Blackboard→ Complex: Google Cloud Internet: Primitive: Morse code→ Complex: Online services Communications: Primitive: Morse code→ Complex: Satellite Home entertainment: Primitive: Playing cards→ Complex: Smart TV

Answer 57

PRIMITIVE Simplistic application of devices and techniques May be outdated in today’s society COMPLEX Sophisticated machinery or application of devices relevant to contemporary times Without primitive; advancement to complex would be impossible

Answer 58

The Digital Revolution Began in 1980’s (still ongoing) Movement towards digital technology and away from mechanical and electronic (power cords, electrical circuits) 2000’s→ Internet, phones, digital TV common (previously expensive tech, large computers) The Information Age Ability to transfer info freely and to access knowledge instantly (previously impossible) Allows rapid global communications and networks→ shapes modern society From this age; Price of computer dropped,increase in internet, job losses

Answer 59

1980’s→ Mobile phones (today almost as many phone subscriptions as people in world) Mobile internet, data→ becomes important; social media trends Cyber criminality→ poses threat to individuals and society

Answer 60

94% of Australians use the internet at ;least once a week 18-24→ Highest internet usage 64% of population bought goods online 2009→ 6 million households in Aus had access to internet

Answer 61

SOCIAL BETTERMENT Communication Phone status symbol→ heightened self esteem to those in possession of latest tech Transport Society strives to maintain quality of life through preserving environment Hybrid cars help maintain healthier air→ reduce reliance on fossil fuels Consumer Services Consumer support popular→Continued focus; Improves support for consumers and businesses THE GLOBAL COMMUNITY Communication Ability to contact family/friends/business clients by voice, text, video→ Makes geographically distant places seem close and accessible Transport Hybrid vehicles cut down carbon dioxide emissions by half and reduce polluting air by 90% Consumer Services Online support accessed anywhere, 24/7 RESPONSE TO SOCIAL PROBLEMS Communication Mobile phone is sometimes used in response to increased alarm→ users know support is just a call away Transport Hybrid cars operate silently; been cause of accidents involving pedestrians and cyclists→ social problem needs further development Several makers developed electric vehicle warning sounds designed to alert pedestrians to presence Consumer Services Online counselling services address social problems that exist within communities. E,g, Kids helpline, emergency helpline designed in response to social problems IMPROVE UPON EXISTING TECH Communication Push buttons mean that disabled people can more easily use phones Cordless designs offer increased flexibility in terms of where calls can be taken Transport Low emission engines support a greener lifestyle Rechargeable energy storage systems supplement fossil fuel Consumer Services Previously→ consumers read hard copy manuals and waited long time for face to face support Improvements in tech allow for online help, voice/ key activation to select info needed. CONSUMER DEMAND AND HUMAN NEED Communication Screen/key size, weight, battery life, plans available→ result of consumer demand and human need Addressing these areas serves needs of aged (larger screens) those on a budget (pre-paid SIM cards) travellers (extended battery life) Transport Soaring oil prices and rising level of consumer awareness about environmental issues→ making many car companies develop hybrid cars Consumer Services Web-based connection is convenient and accessible from anywhere ECONOMIC BENEFIT Communication Multiple functions in one (e.g. phone, internet and camera) → reduces cost in separate items, App purchases provide ongoing source of income for developer Transport Hybrid cars are more expensive than traditional cars→ but long term economic benefits significant Hybrid cars achieve 20-35% better fuel consumption→ equates to substantial economic benefit Consumer Services Online help is paperless→ Saves printing costs

Answer 62

EDUCATION Students in remote regions; access education instantly, communicate with teacher via internet Global classroom→ regular contact with students overseas to share ideas Those poorly educated and denied tech in education; may be resistant to adopting tech for own children School with slow broadband→ may have negative global classroom experiences GENDER Gender stereotyping; people equate certain tech with gender→ limiting and don’t represent acceptance of tech E.g. Females linked with home tech (dishwashers) and Men linked with engineering tech GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION Mobile phones/internet→ made education, communication, business easier for people in remote locations However some regions; limited access to technicians able to repair technology or lack of Internet RELIGION Religion sometimes restricts access; religion plays role in forming values and attitudes E.g. Amish don't use any mechanical devices, telephone, cars etc Some religious groups use technology to spread gospel messages through TV, radio (Hillsong) AGE Many who didn’t grow up with technologies→ may reisst use Some have access to new but prefer older ones that have served them in the past Some older people likely to resist change, but some have embraced→ Aged use social media to keep in touch with family overseas etc CULTURE Some cultural groups may be isolated due to language barriers→ tech enabling own language or verbal prompts→ allows for increased increased Some migrate from cultures where tech not widely been used; more likely to oppose it Eg: The Amish are very traditional and oppose the use of modern forms of technology ECONOMIC STATUS Families from lower socioeconomic groups; may be accepting but reduced financial access Adequate standard of living may have higher priority over expensive technology→ free public internet services attempt to address inequity Conflict between children who want latest tech and ability of parents to provide it DISABILITY Benefits from improved equipment/access to online services and education to improve learning Advancement of MRI’s, CT scans, prosthetic (hips, knees, limbs) → improved wellbeing

Answer 63

HOUSEHOLD TECH Time spent on food prep, housework, shopping→ large Labour saving appliances, home shopping→ significant impact E.g. Online shopping, dishwasher, microwave Advantages Labour and time saving→ frees time for families with multiple commitments Disadvantages Economic costs and low self esteem if can't afford Decreased cooking skills INFOMATION AND COMMUNICATON TECH Families want immediate speed response→ wireless network, broadband etc improved communication mode Satellite tracking, video calling; may enhance safety, but cause anxiety Mobile phones, social networks→ altered social environment, way of maintaining contact with family Webcams→ family contact tool or video conferencing (legal and business settings) Interactive sites; communicate with others, buy inline items, seek info “Help” files→ individuals becomes self-paced learners Some may experience alienation with frustration over tech or inequity in tech distribution Advantages Keep families connected, share stories and store photos in iCloud Disadvantages Addiction to social media; rely on Internet for instant news ENTERTAINMENT TECH ET may be in form of online games, digital environment, theme parks, surround sound, entertainment robotics Each technology→ ultimately impacts on individuals wellbeing Often learn of negative effects when new tech fractures family relationships Advantages Relaxation from stressed life, improve connection between family members Disadvantages Development of auditory/visual problems Anti social behaviour or obsession, addiction problems

Answer 64

EDUCATION AND TRAINING Learning more accessible, immediate→ students develop skills, remain motivated Acquisition of knowledge more accessible and equitable for all people Students with disability→ voice recognition, learn at own pace programs Store huge amounts of info from internet Medical specialists collaborate overseas; virtually operate TRANSPORT AND TRAVEL 9/11 → introduced issues with travel and transport; tech solved Airport security; Body scanning, luggage checking, flights tracked Tech and traffic monitoring for smoother traffic flow and reducing harmful emissions Commuters alerted on mobiles of bus and train delays HEALTH AND MEDICINE Medical tech; Physical equipment, instruments, knowledge→ provide health care Individuals seek professionals to perform breast augmentation, face lifts, plastic surgery→ increase self esteem Tech allows surgeries to be performed, skin grafts, life saving procedures Reproductive tech; reshape families→ infertile, same-sex couples to have family Genetic engineering→ lab techniques to change DNA of organisms apt changing structure of genes→ could be used to treat genetic disease FOOD Technologies for modified atmosphere packaging→ packaging technique that extends shelf life Agricultural biotechnology→ examines potential of GMO crops to assist developing countries Freeze dried foods and impact of leisure industry (camping/hiking) Changing demographics→ new perspectives on food packaging, cater to single and two person households Technological development in tamper evident and resealable packaging GMO foods for developed countries with increase in population size to cater for demand for food LEISURE AND ENTERTAINMENT Primary aim of leisure→ enhance socioemotional and physical wellbeing For some may be picnic in the park, for others it may be playing online game with strangers Technology has changed the face of leisure activities→ previously personal connection with others is now sometimes a technological connection, may be with strangers Before emergence of internet, mobile phones, emails and pagers→ people could be ‘off duty’ from work when walked out office door→ Now employers expect employees to work longer hours be available via some form of communication device Employers, colleagues and family members all expect instant responses to voicemail and email messages→ another responsibility that impacts personal leisure time Leisure time may not involve real social interaction; may be spent instead accessing social media and meeting others in virtual chat rooms

Answer 65

Safety tech; role in critical areas→ reduce incidence of death or injury, reduce exposure to hazards or improve infrastructure and workplace culture Automatic shutdown systems (activate when sensors detect change in conditions, robotic bomb detonation units→ protect workers)

Answer 66

Job losses will continue with technology expansion;businesses becoming more reliable and efficient in investing in tech→ fewer employees competing with local suppliers Economic affected; both parents required to work and explore change On other hand; tech may enhance working family wellbeing; provide communication links with those who work far away from home Also physical workload of single parent is reduced Specialised training often required to use tech; different levels of pay→ those with greater access to tech have better chance of higher income

Answer 67

HEALTH AND SAFETY Safe work Australia; launched national strategy to ensure safe working places→ research and evaluation, responsible and effective regulatory framework, healthy safe design EQUIPMENT All workplace electrical equipment must be tagged and tested Tools designed with cut-off switches, emergency releases, sensors and physical guards EFFICIENCY Hardware to run systems and communication lines→ ensure full operation of local and international systems Stock numbers, sales figures entered into system and analysed; graphs produced FLEXIBILITY Employers and employees needs to take different approach to traditional working Tech helps in flexibility; employees now telecommunicate using tech systems allowing them to access files from home Face time, Skype allow to communicate with clients in distant locations EDUCATION AND TRAINING Tech as training tool allows for collaborative and interactive learning Can be personalised; activities done at a time and place suiting person Lessons delivered on computer or TV or phone Retraining is necessary; online training

Answer 68

Practices evolve over time; resistance to tech is great→ employers encouraged to offer training to upgrade staff skills, replace inefficient workplace equipment, acknowledge staff fears Employees encouraged to go to training, develop flexibility in tech usage, be open minded E commerce; trade cuts out middle man; more efficient ATMS, online stores→ heightened purchase power for consumer; now bombarded with choice Storehouses use barcode scanners; more immediate stock control; improves customer service

CAFS Flashcards

(92 cards)