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4.2.1 biodiversity > calculating biodiversity > Flashcards

calculating biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

alleles/gene variant

A

version of a gene

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2
Q

locus

A

a position of that gene on a chromosome

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3
Q

polymorphic gene locus

A

a locus that has more than two alleles

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4
Q

simpsons index of biodiversity

A

a measure of the diversity of a habitat

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5
Q

species evenness

A

a measure of how evenly representative the species are

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6
Q

species richness

A

a measure of how many different species are present

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7
Q

what is the diversity of organisms present in an area proportional to

A

its proportional to the stability of the ecosytem so the greater the species diversity, the greater the stability

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8
Q

what do the most stable communities

A

have large numbers of fairly evenly distributed species in good sized populations

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9
Q

why does pollution reduce biodiversity

A

as a result of harsh conditions few species dominate

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10
Q

why is monitoring biodiversity useful

A

in successful conservation and environmental management

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11
Q

what should you consider when measuring biodiversity

A

species richness - the number of species found in a habitat

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12
Q

the more species present..

A

..the richer the habitat

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13
Q

what does the richness not take into account

A

the number of individuals in each species

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14
Q

what is species evenness a measure of

A

abundance of individuals in each species

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15
Q

which type of habitat is more likely to be biodiverse

A

a habitat in which there are even numbers of individuals in each species is likely to be more diverse than one in which individuals of one species outnumbers all the others

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16
Q

why is simpsons index of diversity a better measure of biodiversity

A

it takes into account both species richness and species evenness

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17
Q

formula for simpsons index of diversity

A

D = 1 - ∑(n/N)²

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18
Q

what does each part of the simpsons index of diversity represent

A

∑ = sum of
n = total number of organisms of a particular species
N = the total number of organisms of all species

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19
Q

how do scientists initially measure biodiversity before using the index formula

A

they normal measure population size using a variety of sampling techniques such as using a quadrat to estimate the population of a plant species in an area

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20
Q

what do the values lie between in SID

A

always result in a value between 0 and 1

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21
Q

0 =

A

no biodiversity

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22
Q

1 =

A

infinite biodiversity

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23
Q

the higher the simpsons index value..

A

.. the more diverse

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24
Q

what is a niche

A

the role a species plays within its ecosystem

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25
how does low biodiversity affect: - number of successful species - nature of the environment - adaptation of species to the environment - types of food webs - change in environment on the ecosystem as a whole
- relatively few species - stressful and/or extreme with few ecological niches - relatively few species live in the habitat with very specific adaptations for the environment - relatively simple food webs - one change has a major effect on the environment as a whole
26
how does high biodiversity affect: - number of successful species - nature of the environment - adaptation of species to the environment - types of food webs - change in environment on the ecosystem as a whole
- large number of species - relatively benign with more ecological niches - many species live in the habitat often with few specific adaptations to the environment - complex food webs - one change often has a relatively small effect on the environment
27
what can organisms in low biodiveristy areas do to survive
they can be highly adapted to the extreme environment of the habitat
28
why is it equally important to conserve low biodiversity areas as well as high biodiversity areas
to conserve rare species that are too specialised to survive elsewhere
29
why is it essential to maintain genetic biodiversity
for an organism to survive
30
what may happen in isolated populations where genetic biodiversity is reduced
individuals may suffer problems associated with inbreeding
31
what does calculating genetic biodiversity help with
monitoring health of a population ensuring its long term survival
32
what is the DNA like WITHIN a species
individuals have little variation
33
what might species have even if all members share the same genes
they may have different versions of those genes (alleles)
34
what does the difference in alleles create
genetic biodiversity within species or populations of species
35
more alleles present = ...
...= more genetic biodiversity
36
what are species with greater genetic biodiversity likely to be able to do
adapt to changes in the environment and are less likely to become extinct
37
what is likely to be present in species that live in areas of high genetic biodiversity
there is likely to be some organisms that carry an advantageous allele enabling them to survive in the altered conditions and further reproduce and pass on those genes
38
how can you increase genetic biodiveristy
by increasing the number of possible alleles in a population
39
what factors can cause genetic biodiversity to increase
mutations interbreeding between different populations
40
how do mutations increase genetic biodiversity
random changes to genetic material at the level of the chromosome or nucleotide can create a new allele
41
how does interbreeding between different populations increase GB
when an individual migrates form one population and breeds with a member of another population, alleles are transferred between the two populations (gene flow)
42
what is gene flow
the movement of genetic material from one population to another
43
what must happen for genetic biodiversity to decrease
the number of possible alleles in a population must also decrease
44
what causes GB to decrease
- selective breeding (artifical selection) - captive breeding programmes in zoos and conservation centres - rare breeds - artificial cloning - natural selection - genetic bottlenecks - the founder effect - genetic drift
45
how does selective breeding/ artifical selection decrease GB
only a few individuals within a population are selected for their advantageous characteristic and bred e.g. pedigree animals
46
how does captive breeding programmes in zoos and conservation centres decrease GB
only a small number of captive individuals of a species are available for breeding. often the wild populations is endangered or extinct
47
how does rare breeds decrease GB
selective breeding for characteristics that become less popular - population numbers are usually low. when only a small number of individuals of a breed remain and are available for breeding and animals are selected for specific breed traits, the genetic biodiversity will be low
48
how does artifical cloning decrease GB
using cuttings to clone a farmed plant
49
how does natural selection decrease GB
species will evolve to contain the alleles coding for advantageous characteristics. overtime the alleles coding for less advantageous characteristics will be lost form a population or remain in a few individuals
50
how do genetic bottlenecks decrease GB
where few individuals within a population survive an event or change thus reducing the gene pool. only the alleles of the surviving members of the population are available to be passed on to offspring
51
what is the gene pool
stack of different genes in an interbreeding population
52
how does the founder effect decrease GB
where a small number of individuals create a new colony, geographically isolated form the original. the gene pool for this new population is small
53
what is the term for the position of a gene on a chromosome
locus
54
how does genetic drift decrease GB
due to the random nature of alleles being passed on from parents to their offspring the frequency of occurence of an allele will vary. in some cases, the existence of a particular allele can disappear from a population altogether. its more pronounced when there is low GB
55
what is the difference between monomorphic alleles and polymorphic alleles
monomorphic alleles have genes that have one allele. polymorphic alleles gave genes that more than one allele
56
how many versions of an allele do we normally have
1 or 2 versions of an allele - most genes arent polymorphic
57
what does the number of alleles we normally have ensure
ensures the basic structure of individuals within species remains consistent.
58
which gene is polymorphic
immunoglobin gene which determines blood type
59
give the different alleles for the immunoglobin gene
IA - production of antigen a IB - production of antigen b IO - production of neither antigen IAB - production of A and B antigens
60
what type of antibodies can bind to antigen A and so what blood can a person with that blood type have name the blood type
antigen A anti-B antibody type A - can't have B or AB blood but can have A or O blood
61
what type of antibodies can bind to antigen B and so what blood can a person with that blood type have name the blood type
antigen B anti-A antibody type B - can't have A or AB blood but can have B or O blood
62
what type of antibodies can bind to antigen A+B and so what blood can a person with that blood type have name the blood type
antigen A + B neither antibody type AB - can have any type of blood universal recipient
63
what type of antibodies can bind to someone with neither antigen and so what blood can a person with that blood type have name the blood type
neither A or B antigen both antibodies (Anti-A and Anti-B) type O - can only have O blood making them the universal donor
64
what are most genes and what does this ensure
monomorphic ensures basic structure of individuals within a species remains consistent
65
heterozygosity meaning
the proportion of individuals in a population that have 2 different alleles for a particular gene
66
what does it mean if the mean proportion of heterozygotes is higher
the GB is greater
67
the greater the proportion of polymorphic gene loci...
... the greater the genetic biodiversity within that population
68
formula for working out proportion of polymorphic gene loci
proportion of polymorphic gene loci = number of polymorphic gene loci/total number of gene loci

4.2.1 biodiversity (7 decks)

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