CALM 4

Question 1

basic units of heredity, which is the transmission of inherited traits.

Answer 1

genes

Question 2

A gene is the long ____molecule of which that transmits information, in its sequence of four types of building blocks

Answer 2

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Question 3

Was the first to probe the underlying rules of inheritance of specific traits.

Answer 3

Gregor Mendel

Question 4

Mendel described units of inheritance that pass traits from generation to generation and called them _____” (which would be later on renamed to genes by English embryologist William Bateson).

Answer 4

elementen

Question 5

Alternate forms of a gene are called___

Answer 5

alleles.

Question 6

Each reproductive cell (or gamete) produced by a plant contains only ___copy of a gene for each trait.

Answer 6

one

Question 7

Even though the pair of alleles that governed a trait remained together throughout the life of an individual plant, they became separated (or segregated) from one another during the formation of gametes.

Answer 7

This formed the basis of Mendel’s First Law: Law of Segregation.

Question 8

The segregation of the pair of alleles for one trait had no effect on the segregation of alleles for another trait. A particular gamete could receive a paternal gene governing seed color and a maternal gene governing seed shape.

Answer 8

This formed the basis of Mendel’s Second Law: Law of Independent Assortment

Question 9

Father of Genetics.

Answer 9

Gregor Mendel,

Question 10

Classified based on the probability of a plant, animals or humans.
Most common traits that occurred in the generations.

Answer 10

dominant

Question 11

Rare type or sometimes no appearance at all.

Appeared in a low ratio compared to the dominant.

Answer 11

recessive

Question 12

One trait that masks another is said to be __- ; the masked trait is ___

Answer 12

dominant ;recessive.

Question 13

one trait is followed and the parents are hybrids, this is called a

Answer 13

monohybrid cross.

Question 14

Paired sets of genes separate as gametes form then combine anew when gametes join at fertilization.

Answer 14

MENDELIAN LAWS:

Question 15

each gene was packaged in a separate gamete

Answer 15

LAW OF SEGREGATION

Question 16

An individual with two identical alleles for a gene is ___for that gene.

Answer 16

homozygous

Question 17

An individual with two different alleles is heterozygous – or what Mendel called ____

Answer 17

“non-true-breeding” or “hybrid”.

Question 18

describes the organism’s alleles

Answer 18

genotype

Question 19

describes the outward expression of an allele combination.

Answer 19

phenotype

Question 20

most common expression of a particular allele combination in a population.

Answer 20

wild type phenotype

Question 21

variant of a gene’s expression that arises when the gene undergoes a change, or mutation.

Answer 21

mutant phenotype

Question 22

Illustrates how alleles combine in offspring.

The different types of gametes are listed along two sides of the square.

Answer 22

punnett square

Question 23

Crossing an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual

Answer 23

test cross

Question 24

Inheritance of single genes

Answer 24

Mendelian, or monofactorial, inheritance.

Question 25

A second gene on chromosome 15 or ___the is responsible for controlling the expression of the

Answer 25

HERC2 gene ; OCA2 gene.

Question 26

rules that explain the common patterns of single-gene transmission which makes it possible to calculate the probability that a particular couple will have a child who inherits a particular condition.

Answer 26

Modes of Inheritance

Question 27

Shows that a trait can appear in either sex because an autosome carries the gene.

Answer 27

AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT INHERITANCE

Question 28

___ traits do not skip generations.

Answer 28

autosomal dominant

Question 29

Males and Females transmit the trait with equal frequency.

Answer 29

autosomal dominant

Question 30

Is an example of an autosomal dominant condition, caused by a single dominant allele which means that heterozygous individuals will develop the disease.

Answer 30

Huntington’s disease

Question 31

said to be a rare and fatal inherited disease of the central nervous system (Figure 4.9) causing damage to brain cells, leading to a gradual loss of coordination, decline in mental ability and changes in personality

Answer 31

Huntington's chorea

Question 32

Shows that a trait can appear in either sex.

Answer 32

AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE INHERITANCE

Question 33

The trait can skip generations.

Answer 33

AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE INHERITANCE

Question 34

follows the inheritance of 2 different traits, each from a gene with 2 different alleles.

Answer 34

Law of Segregation

Question 35

states that for two genes on different chromosomes, the inheritance of one does not influence the chance of inheriting the other.

Answer 35

LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

Question 36

Display family relationships and depict which relatives have specific phenotypes and genotypes.

Answer 36

Pedigree Charts

Question 37

autosomal recessive inherited disorder.

Answer 37

albinism

Question 38

arise when families are small and the trait is not severe enough to impair fertility.

Answer 38

Inconclusive pedigrees

Question 39

A genotype (allele combination) that causes death is, by definition,

Answer 39

lethal.

Question 40

it causes death before the individual can reproduce, which prevents passage of genes to the next generation.

Answer 40

lethal allele

Question 41

causing neuron degeneration in the brain and spinal cord, is lethal by age 3 or 4.

Answer 41

Tay-Sachs

Question 42

may not be lethal until late middle age.

Answer 42

Huntington’s disease

Question 43

Early acting lethal alleles in humans cause

Answer 43

spontaneous abortion.

Question 44

or long trunk and short limbs is also a lethal genotype in humans.

Answer 44

Achondroplastic dwarfism

Question 45

A gene can exist in more than two allelic forms in a population because it can mutate in many ways wherein the sequence of hundreds of DNA bases that make up a gene can be altered in many ways.

Answer 45

MULTIPLE ALLELE COMBINATIONS

Question 46

too little or lack of an enzyme causes the a.a. phenylalanine to build up in brain cells resulting to hundreds of mutant alleles pair to cause 4 basic phenotypes

Answer 46

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Question 47

wherein one genotype experiences frequent, severe respiratory infections, congested lungs, and poor weight gain while another genotype experiences frequent bronchitis and pneumonia.

Answer 47

Cystic Fibrosis

Question 48

where one allele is expressed, while the other isn’t.

Answer 48

Complete Dominance

Question 49

where the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between that of either homozygote.

Answer 49

Incomplete Dominance

Question 50

where different alleles are both expressed in a heterozygote.

Answer 50

co-dominance

Question 51

determined by polysaccharides present on the surface of RBCs.

Answer 51

ABO Blood Group

Question 52

A phenotypic class does not survive to reproduce.

Answer 52

lethal allele

Question 53

Many variants or degrees of a phenotype occur.

Answer 53

multiple allele

Question 54

A heterozygote’s phenotype is intermediate between those of two homozygotes.

Answer 54

incomplete dominance

Question 55

A heterozygote’s phenotype is distinct from and not intermediate between those of the two homozygotes.

Answer 55

co dominance

Question 56

One gene masks or otherwise affects another’s phenotype.

Answer 56

epiptasis

Question 57

Some individuals with a particular genotype do not have the associated phenotype.

Answer 57

penetrance

Question 58

A genotype is associated with a phenotype of varying intensity.

Answer 58

expressivity

Question 59

The phenotype includes many symptoms, with different subsets in different individuals.

Answer 59

pleiotrophy

Question 60

An environmentally caused condition has symptoms and a recurrence pattern similar to those of a known inherited trait.

Answer 60

phenocopy

Question 61

Different genotypes are associated with the same phenotype.

Answer 61

Genetic Heterogeneity

Question 62

The ___mitochondrial genes encode tRNA, rRNA, or proteins involved in protein synthesis or energy reactions.

Answer 62

37

Question 63

depict linked genes. Researchers can examine a group of known linked DNA sequences (a haplotype) to follow the inheritance of certain chromosomes.

Answer 63

linkage maps