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Small animal > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Define o Anisocytosis

A

= unusual variation in RBC size

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2
Q

Cell size and colour in regenerative anaemia

A

Hypochromic macrocytosis
Also Polychromasia = blue/grey discolouration of large RBC

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3
Q

What can cause hyper chromic RBC

A

almost always due to haemolysis or lipaemia (raised MCHC is not physiologically possible due to restricted size of cells)

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4
Q

What to codocytes indicate

A

Target cells
Iron deficiency or liver disease

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5
Q

What do Acanthocytes indicate

A

Liver disease, splenic haemangioma or hemangiosarcoma or portosystemic shunts
Also high cholesterol diets

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6
Q

What do spherocytes indicate

A

IMHA
Transfusion reactions

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7
Q

What do Schistocytes indicate (Corn)

A

Disseminating intravascular coagulation (DIC),
thrombosis,
splenic hemangiosarcoma,
congestive heart failure,
immune mediated anaemia

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8
Q

Abnormal bodies: What are Heinz bodies?

A

Crystals of Hb on the outside of cells
Indicate oxidate damage like toxicity

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9
Q

Abnormal bodies: What is basophilic stippling?

A

= blue dots throughout cell
Associated with intensely regenerative anaemia or lead poisoning

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10
Q

Abnormal bodies: What do nucleated erythrocytes indicate?

A

Nuclear remnants
Due to regenerative anaemia, or marrow damage or non-functioning spleen

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11
Q

Abnormal bodies: What do Howell-Jolly bodies indicate?

A

Single, dark nuclear remnant
Regenerative anaemia, or after splenectomy/ reduced splenic function

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12
Q

name two RBC parasites

A

Babesiosis (TBF): Bi-lobed parasite
Mycoplasma haemofelis In cats

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13
Q

What is a stress leuckogram

A

Adrenaline and cortisol unsticks neutrophils from marginal pool so numbers increase
Stress leukogram = neutrophilia and lymphopenia and eosinopenia

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13
Q

What is a stress leuckogram

A

Adrenaline and cortisol unsticks neutrophils from marginal pool so numbers increase
Stress leukogram = neutrophilia and lymphopenia and eosinopenia

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14
Q

What do left shit neutrophils look like

A

More banded (less segmented)

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15
Q

What does toxic change look like

A

 Foamy cytoplasm, cytoplasmic basophilia, Dohle bodies (blue/grey cytoplasmic structures)
 Can be bands (D) or mature (B)

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16
Q

Reasons for lymphopenia

A

o Stress/steroids common reason
o Acute inflammation
o Loss of lymph

17
Q

which feline blood group has strong antibodies

A
  • Type B carry very strong anti-type A antibodies
18
Q

What is Feline neonatal isoerythrolysis

A

Type A/AB kittens born from a type B queen
Anti-A antibodies transferred in milk and attack kittens’ blood

19
Q

What blood groups are dogs broadly classed as

A

Dogs classed as either DEA1 positive (70%) or DEA1 negative

20
Q

Which blood transfusion is the only one that provides platelts

A

fresh whole blood

21
Q

when should you give frozen fresh plasma or frozen plasma?

A

FFP: contains ALL clotting factors

FP:: contains non-labile clotting factors (so not 5 and 8), good for coagulaotphy and haemophilia B

22
Q

Signs of anemia

A

Poor perfusion (Pale MM, lethargy, exercise intolerance)
Tachypnoea, tachycardia (compensatory)
Also: Icterus, weak + thready pulses, haemic murmur (diluted blood = less viscous)

23
Q

Indiactors of regneration

A

Macrocytic, hyper chromic cells
Polychromasia
nucleated RBCs, basophilic stippling, Howell-Jolley bodies

24
Q

3 anaemia causes categories

A

Blood loss
RBC destruction
reduced bone marrow production (Non-regenerative)

25
Q

most common form of anaemia and presentation

A

Anaemia of chronic disease is most common form to see.
Normocytic, normochromic = normal cells, just not enough

26
Q

Difference between true iron deficiency and functional

A

Functional: Bone marrow cannot incorporate iron into cells
normocytic and normochronic

True: loss of iron so not enough to go into cells
seen in chronic haemhorrhage
cells are hypo chromic and microcytic

27
Q

Treatment for haemolysis

A

Immunosupression
start with steroids

28
Q

How to treat oxidative damage due to paracetamol

A

N-acetylcysteine

29
Q

Treatment for Babesia or Enhrlichia

A

Doxycycline or imidocarb (unlicensed)

30
Q

signs of primary haemostat disorders

A
  • Petechiae/ecchymoses common
  • Bleeding from MMs (eyes, gingiva)
  • Often more than one site bleeding
  • Haematomas rare
31
Q

signs of secondary haemastatic disorders

A
  • Petechiae/ecchymoses rare
  • Deep/cavity bleeds
  • Sometimes a single site is bleeding
  • Haematomas common
32
Q

Test for Petechiae

A

Does lesions blanch under microscope slide?
o No = haemorrhage must be in skin = Petechiae

33
Q

Common causes of primary haemostat disorders

A

Thrombocytopaenia: Low platelet numbers (Defective production in bone marrow or Accelerated removal (IMTP or DIC) , or Platelet sequestration or loss (Splenomegaly, vascular pooling, acute haemorrhage)

Thrombocytopathia: Platelet dysfunction. Rarer caused by drugs or neoplasia.
Dx: Normal platelet count but prolonged BMBT AND normal levels of VWF

vWF deficiency: Common inherited disorder. Predisposed in Dobermans
dx: Normal platelet count but slow BMBT AND low levels of VWF

34
Q

What causes secondary haemostat disorders

A
  • Issue with the coagulation pathway (intrinsic or extrinsic)
  • Requires various factors, factors, fibrinogen (F1) and vitamin K
35
Q

What pathways do different tests… test

A

Whole blood clotting time: Intrinsic and common
OSPT Aka Prothrombin time (PT): Extrinsic and common. Prolonged due to any factor
Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT): intrinsic and common. Prolonged due to a single factor.

36
Q

Causes of secondary heamostatic disorders

A

Haemophilia - lack of factor 8 (APTT increased)
Vitamin K antagonism - rodenticides
Hepatic disease - all clotting factors produced in liver (APTT and OSPT increased)

37
Q

Diagnostic sign of thrombosis (tertiary haemostat disorder)

A

Clot blocks vessel = hypoxia and tissue damage
D-dimers produced during fibrinolysis so lots of fibrinolysis = lots of D-dimers

38
Q

Homeostatic diagnostic summary (., 2, 3)

A
  1. Platelet count, BMBT, platelet function, vWf
  2. WBCT, APTT, OSPT, (specific factors)
  3. D-Dimers (FDPs)
39
Q

up to

A

dic

Small animal (11 decks)

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