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REPRO Flashcards

1
Q

What hormone do follicles secrete?

A

Oestrogen

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2
Q

What is the role of progesterone?

A

To prepare the animal for pregnancy (closes cervix, endometrial thickening and secretions, mammary development)

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3
Q

How long is the luteal phase in bitches?

A

~70 days

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4
Q

How long is anestrus?

A

3-4 months

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5
Q

When does prolactin start to rise?

A

25 days into the luteal phase (pregnancy or pseudo)

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6
Q

What is the role of prolactin?

A

Luteotrophic so supports the corpus luteum and therefore progesterone secretion

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7
Q

How can you terminate an unwanted pregnancy 20 days in?

A
  • prolactin inhibitor (Cabergoline) = best (25 days)
  • Prostaglandin (side effects) (20 days)
  • Progesterone inhibitor like Aglepristone (Alizin) (can be used at any stage but after 20 days signs of partition so not nice for dog)
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8
Q

How can you terminate an unwanted pregnancy within 2 weeks?

A

Progesterone inhibitor - Aglepristone (Alizin)
If within 72 hours can give oestrogen (Mesalin(

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9
Q

What happens to a queens dominant follicles if ovulation isn’t induced during oestrus?

A

They regress and there is no luteal phase (inter-oestrus)

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10
Q

How long until the next follicular wave in queens if no ovulation occurs?

A

16-21 days typically

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11
Q

How can you detect if a queen hasn’t ovulated?

A

Progesterone concentrations will remain low and oestrogen would be high (no luteal phase)

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12
Q

what stage are dog oocytes release at?

A

Primary oocytes but survive for a long time in the uterus

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13
Q

3 methods to determine optimal breeding time in bitches

A
  1. Measure hormone changes (Progesterone)
  2. Vaginoscopy
  3. Behaviour and vulval swelling
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14
Q

After being ovulated, how long until the primary oocyte can be fertilised?

A

2-5 days

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15
Q

Pathogen you can screen for for bitches and queens?

A

Bitches: Canine herpesvirus
Queens: FeLV
No bacterial venereal pathogens in UK

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16
Q

Is vaginal hyperplasia an issue during oestrus?

A

It may prevent breeding by causing the vagina to protrude from the vestibule

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17
Q

What is the endoscopic appearance of vagina during pro oestrus or oestrus?

A

Oedematous phase with swollen mucous folds

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18
Q

Appearance of vagina when progesterone is starting to rise (just before ovulation)?

A

More angulated mucosa = time to breed

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19
Q

When can you radiograph to confirm pregnancy?

A

After mineralisation at 45 days

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20
Q

How can you confirm the presence of ovaries In bitches?

A

Stimulate oestrogen production by follicles by giving hCG or GnRH, then measure blood concentrations

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21
Q

How can you confirm the presence of ovaries In queens?

A

Stimulate LH surge and ovulation by giving hCG or GnRH, then measure blood progesterone concentrations

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22
Q

Describe luteal phase cytology:

A

Lots of neutrophils and small intermediate cells

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23
Q

Normal age of puberty in dogs?

A

6-23 months, big variation

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24
Q

Normal age of puberty in queens?

A

6-10 months, influenced by season and body weight

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25
Q

What is split oestrus?

A

Bitch looks like she’s having normal oestrus, but it reoccurs soon after.
This is because the follicles grow and regress without ovulating. Next load of follicles ovulate normally. Owners confuse signs as pyometra

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26
Q

2 reasons for pain at coitus

A

Vaginal-vestibual remnants
Vaginal hyperplasia (before protrusion)

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27
Q

When are the 3 fractions ejaculated in dogs?

A
  1. foreplay 2. intromission 3. tie
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28
Q

Action of LH and FSH in males

A

FSH = on Sertoli cells = Spermatogenesis
LH = on Leydig cells = Testosterone :L

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29
Q

3 main reasons for conception failure?

A

Inappropriate mating, male infertility, abnormal uterine environments

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30
Q

If a bitch is KNOWN to have CEH what can be done post breeding to help

A

Antibiotic course - 5 days of AMC
Breeders often want regardless

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31
Q

What can CEH lead to?

A

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia
Mating induced endometritis or an abnormal uterine enviroment

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32
Q

How can CEH lead to pyo and maying induced endometritis

A

Numerous cysts = reduced fluid clearance + bacteria trapping = bacteria proliferate

33
Q

What uterine pathological difference are there post mating in a bitch with CEH?

A

Greater influx of neutrophils into fluid, and slower clearance of fluid

34
Q

when might post-partition metritis develop

A

Following a dystocia/placental retention/abortion
CS: Pyrexia/lethargy/anorexia/purulent discharge/neutrophilia/uterine enlargement

Tx: Broad spectrum ABs, fluids, prostaglandins

35
Q

Signs of hypocal

A

Nervous, panting, seizures, fever
Treat as cow - calcium B IV, followed by sub cut

36
Q

How to examine abortion cases?

A

Always presume infection and investigate with serology or PMI

37
Q

4 main causes of resorption/abortion

A
  1. Infection (CHV, FeLV)
  2. Abnormal uterine environment
  3. Foetal abnormality
  4. Low progesterone
38
Q

Methods of estimating time of parturition (in time order) (useful with dystocia cases)

A
  1. History of mating (58-72 days before onset)
  2. Drop in progesterone (1.5 days before parturition)
  3. Drop in rectal temp (24 hours before)
  4. Uterine contractions (2-4 hours before)
  5. Abdomina contractions (30-120 mins before)
39
Q

What rate should foetal heart beat be?

A

170-230 - or at least 4x mothers
lower HR indicates hypoxia due to foetal stress

40
Q

what does green discharge indicate?

A

Placental separation

41
Q

What happens during primary uterine inertia?

A

Signal from uterine contractions is weak and secondary abdominal contractions don’t occur

42
Q

Risk factors for uterine inertia?

A

Obesity, old age, concurrent illness
Small litter (low signals)
Large litter (overstretched uterus can’t contract to push puppies into birth canal)

43
Q

How long does it take for the placenta to be passed?

A

~ 20 mins

44
Q

Signs of foetal death on radiographs?

A
  1. Firstly, gas in foetus
  2. Loss of posture
  3. Overlapping of skull bones
45
Q

Name 2 ecbolic agents

A
  1. Oxytocin (few receptors 36 hours after parturition)
  2. Prostaglandin
46
Q

What drugs can be used to mimic prolactin

A

Dopamine antagonists like metoclopramide

47
Q

What drugs inhibit prolactin?

A

Cabergoline (Galastop)

48
Q

What are the anaesthetic impacts of pregnancy?

A
  1. Increased risk of regurgitation and aspiration pneumonia (Pre treat with Omeprazole)
  2. Low functional residual capacity - patients can decompensated quickly
49
Q

What risk does hysterectomy remove and what does it not?

A

removes risk of uterine neoplasia
doesn’t remove risk of mammary neoplasia

50
Q

What is tumour grading

A

Assessing cellular composition and severity

51
Q

What is tumour staging

A

Assessing tumour size, spread to LNs and metastases

52
Q

How does the lymphatic drainage run in teats?

A

Cranially from 1 and 2 and 3
Caudally from 3 and 4 and 5

53
Q

What antibiotic is best to use in dams with neonates still suckling?

A

Cephlosporins

54
Q

What is Galactostasis

A

Congestion of the mammary gland. Engorgement and pain

55
Q

What are the two types of Agalactia

A

Failure of milk production
Failure of milk let down

56
Q

How do you treat the 2 types of Agalactia

A

failure of production = metoclopramide
failure of let down = oxytocin

57
Q

What causes Pseudopregnancy?

A

Elevated prolactin (luteotroph)
NOT progesterone

58
Q

What is Fibroepithelial hyperplasia in cats? What 2 hormones are involved?

A

Significant mammary enlargement caused by local GH production in response to elevated progesterone

59
Q

What hormones are high in patients with prostatic adenocarcinomas?

A

GnRH and FSH

60
Q

How do you treat patients with prostatic adenocarcinomas?

A

Give progesterone or long term GnRH to exhibit negative feedback on the prostate which leads to reduced FSH and LH

61
Q

What are the three common testicualr tumours?

A

Leydig Cell Tumour
Sertoli Cell Tumour
Seminoma

62
Q

What endocrine effect can Sertoli cell tumours have?

A

Oestrogen production can cause feminisation

63
Q

what can Cryptorchism be misdiagnosed as?

A

Anorchid or monorchid

64
Q

what must penile lymphoid hyperplasia be differentiated from?

A

Canine herpes virus - pale, raised nodules look similar to vesicular lesions in CHV

65
Q

what is Balanoposthitis?

A

Inflammation of the penis and prepuce lining

66
Q

what is Balanitis?

A

Inflammation of the penis and haemorrhagic lesions

67
Q

what is Phimosis

A

Abnormally small preputial orifce

68
Q

what is Paraphimosis?

A

Failure of the glans penis to be retracted fully into the prepuce

69
Q

What can you test for in semen to investigate azoospermia?

A

Alkaline phosphatase - AP is produced in the epeidymus so should be present in semen if sperm are present

70
Q

what are the signs of benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

faecal tenesmus - often overlooked by owners
haematuria
Haemospermia

71
Q

what does benign prostatic hyperplasia feel like on rectal palpation?

A

Smooth, symmetrical, freely mobile, non-painful, no sub lumbar lymphadenopathy

72
Q

4 treatments for benign prostatic hyperplasia:

A
  1. Castration (removes androgen source)
  2. Progestogens
  3. GnRH depot agonist (long acting to cause HPG surpression)
  4. Finasteride (Blocks conversion of dihydrotestosterone into testosterone)
73
Q

what does Bacterial Prostatitis feel like on rectal palpation?

A

asymmetrical, moveable associated with great pain

74
Q

Signs of bacterial prostatic? Bacteria? Treatment?

A

Systemic illness, abdominal pain, vomting
Often E.coli
Tx: Long course of antibiotics and monitoring to ensure it doesn’t become chronic (check urine and prostatic fluid)

75
Q

What 2 conditions can lead to a parenchymal prostatic cyst?

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia or metaplasia (Sertoli cell tumour)

76
Q

What condition can look like a prostatic cyst?

A

Cystic uterus masculinus - not regressed female tract

77
Q

most common prostate cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma

78
Q

What does Adenocarcinoma feel like on rectal palpation?

A

Deformed, non-symmetrical, not-movable, fibrosed, sub-lumbar lymphadenopathy, painful

79
Q

what is the most common cause of haemospermia

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

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