Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

1.1 POM Cells > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tumour?

A

A mass forming lesion (abnormal change to tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are neoplastic tumours?

A

A mass formed by uncontrolled cell proliferation —> tumours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are non-neoplastic tumours?

A

Cellular proliferation in response to an inflammatory, infectious or reparative process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a neoplasm?

A

An abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 2 types of neoplasms?

A
  1. Benign
  2. Malignant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does benign mean?

A

Stays localised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does malignant?

A

Metastasis (invades local or distant tissues)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are cancers?

A

Malignant neoplasms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Do malignant tumours always lead to death?

A

No eg. some skin cancers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When can benign tumours lead to death? (2)

A
  1. Become malignant
  2. Location eg. brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are hamartomas?

A

Localised benign growths of one or more mature cell types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What type of abnormalities do hamartomas show?

A

Architectural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is heterotopias?

A

Tissue found where its not usually present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the difference between the names of benign vs malignant neoplasms?

A
  • Benign —> -oma
  • Malignant —> -sarcoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are squamous epithelial tissue neoplasms called?

A
  • Benign —> squamous papilloma
  • Malignant —> squamous cell carcinoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are gladular epithelial tissue neoplasms called?

A
  • Benign —> adenoma
  • Malignant —> adenocarcinoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are transitional epithelial tissue neoplasms called?

A
  • Benign —> transitional papilloma
  • Malignant —> transitional cell carcinoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are smooth muscle tissue neoplasms called?

A
  • Benign —> leiomyoma
  • Malignant —> leiomyosarcoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are bone tissue neoplasms called?

A
  • Benign —> osteoma
  • Malignant —> osteosarcoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are lymphocyte neoplasms called?

A
  • Benign —> v. rare
  • Malignant —> lymphoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are bone marrow neoplasms called?

A
  • Benign —> v. rare
  • Malignant —> leukaemia
22
Q

What are teratomas?

A

Germ cell tumour containing multiple tissue types —> child born with deformities (ovum and sperm precursors)

23
Q

Are teratomas malignant?

A

Not usually

24
Q

What are the 4 differences between benign and malignant tumours?

A
  1. Invasion
  2. Metastasis
  3. Differentiation
  4. Growth Pattern
25
What does tumour invasion refer to?
Extension of tumour to adjacent connective tissues/structures
26
What is metastisis?
Spread of tumour to other tissues eg. via blood vessels
27
What does tumour differentiation refer to?
How different are the tumour cells to the original cell type
28
What are the 4 differentiations between tumour and normal cells?
Tumour cells have... 1. Larger nucleus ---> higher n:c 2. More mitosis ---> higher mitotic index of tissue 3. Abnormal mitosis 4. Nuclear polymorphism (abnormal size and shape)
29
What does tumour growth pattern refer to?
How different is the architecture of the tumour to the original tissue
30
What is the growth pattern seen in tumours?
Less well defined architecture
31
Can benign tumours become malignant?
Yes
32
What are the 5 routes tumours spread via?
1. Direct extension 2. Haematogenous 3. Lymphatic 4. Transcoelomic 5. Perineural
33
What is direct extension of a tumour?
Stromal response (associated changes in surrounding tissue)
34
What are the 3 results of direct extension?
1. Fibroblastic response (desmoplastic response) 2. Vascular proliferation (angiogenesis) 3. Immune response
35
What is haematogenous spread?
Spread via blood vessels
36
Which 2 blood vessels are usually the route of haematogenous spread and why?
1. Venules 2. Capillaries - Thinner walls
37
Which cancers usually spread first via haematogenous spread?
Sarcomas
38
How do sarcomas usually spread first?
Haematogenous
39
What is lymphatic spread?
Spread via lymphatics to lymph nodes etc.
40
Which tumours usually spread first via lymphatic spread?
Epithelial cancers
41
How do epithelial cancers usually spread first?
Lymphatic
42
What is transcoelomic spread?
Spread into body cavities
43
Which 2 cavities are usually used in transcoelomic spread?
1. Pleural (lung cavity) 2. Peritoneal (abdominal cavity)
44
What is perineural spread?
Spread via nerves
45
How is tumour metastasis assessed? (3)
1. Clinically 2. Radiologically 3. Pathologically
46
What is the TNM system?
System to describe cancer - Tumour ---> size and extent of local invasion - Nodes ---> number of lymph nodes involved - Metastases ---> presence
47
How is tumour metastasis described?
Stage ---> TNM system
48
What does tumour grade refer to?
Differentiation
49
What does tumour stage refer to?
Metastases
50
Is grade or stage more important for prognosis?
Stage

1.1 POM Cells (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions