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Health Science > Cancer 2 - Pathology, Defining a Neoplasm & Features of Selected Cancers > Flashcards

Cancer 2 - Pathology, Defining a Neoplasm & Features of Selected Cancers Flashcards

Aoife

1
Q

Role of cellular pathology (histopathology) in defining a neoplasm (3)

A
  1. To distinguish between benign and malignant cells
  2. To determine cellular origin of cancer, NB for tx -> e.g: in lung cancer smoking causes epithelium cancers
  3. To monitor completeness of surgery -> microscopic analysis of an excised lump can tell whether cancer cells occur at the edges and therefore detect efficiency of the removal
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2
Q

4 techniques used to identify characteristics of tissues and cells

A
  1. Histopathology
  2. Cytology
  3. Immunohistochemistry
  4. Molecular techniques
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3
Q

Histopathology

Histo: what does diagnosis depend on (2)

A
  1. The appearance of cells macroscopically (gross examination)
  2. The microscopic appearance of the tissue architecture
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4
Q

Histopathology

Microscopic difference between normal and cancer cells, e.g: colon

A
  • Normal colon cells have regular size and shape nuclei
  • Cancer: nuclei have heterogeneous size and shape
  • Mitotic/proliferating cells evident in the cancer, but not in normal cells
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5
Q

Histopathology

what can be seen microscopically invading surrounding tissues and cells

A

Malignant invasive cancerous cells. Malignant lesions damage surroundings.

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6
Q

Histopathology

What can be examined to see if the tumour has spread

A

Surrounding lymph nodes

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7
Q

Cytology

Why is cytology less precise than histo

A

Loses the benefit of tissue architecture

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8
Q

Cytology

Advantage of cytology over histo

A

Less invasive procedure

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9
Q

Cytology

E.g: of cytology testing for cancer

A

Screening cervical smears for early signs of cervical cancer

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10
Q

Immunohistochemistry

How does it reveal more than a standard biopsy test

A

Enables pathologist to determine exact type/subtype of cancer by looking for unique tomour markers within cancer cells

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11
Q

Immunohistochemistry

How are markers identified

A

Using antibodies that locate and bind with antigens (markers found on cells)

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12
Q

Immunohistochemistry

Info that Immunohistochemistry gives thats useful for determining tx (3)

A
  1. Where cancer started
  2. Type of cell it started in
  3. Whether its going to spread slowly or quickly
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13
Q

BREAST

Five year survival rate

A

90%

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14
Q

BREAST

Risk factors (4)

A
  1. Age at first pregnancy -> younger than 30 at first pregnancy, less risk
  2. Late menopause
  3. Family hx
  4. Diet
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15
Q

BREAST

Metastasis to (2)

A
  1. Lymph nodes
  2. Bone
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16
Q

BREAST

Inherited genes

A
  • BRCA1 and BRCA2 are breast cancer suppressor genes.
  • Mutations can lead to an increase risk of breast cancer
  • These mutations are inherited
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17
Q

BREAST

Why is mortality decreasing in developed countries (2)

A
  1. Breast cancer screening regimes
  2. Improvements in tx
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18
Q

COLON

5 year survival rate

A

64%

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19
Q

COLON

Risk factors (3)

A
  1. Family hx
  2. Inflammatory bowel disease
  3. Diet
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20
Q

COLON

Metastasis to (3)

A
  1. Locally
  2. Liver
  3. Lymph nodes
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21
Q

COLON

Gene mutation in colon cancer

A
  • P53 repressor gene is mutated
  • Without functioning P53, cell proliferation is not regulated effectively
22
Q

COLON

What has improved outcome

A

Colon cancer screening

23
Q

LUNG

5 yr survival rate and why so low?

A
  • 13%
  • Lung cancer has a poor response to chemo
24
Q

LUNG

Risk factors (3)

A
  1. Smoking
  2. Asbestos
  3. Radon gas
25
Q

LUNG

Metastasis to (3)

A
  1. Other lung tissues
  2. Surrounding tissues
  3. Bone
26
Q

OVARY

5 yr survival rate

A

49%

27
Q

OVARY

Metastasis to (2)

A
  1. Surrounding body tissue
  2. Other ovary
27
Q

OVARY

Risk factors (3)

A
  1. Family hx
  2. Pregnancy has a decreased risk
  3. Fertiliy tx increases risk
28
Q

OVARY

Gene mutations (2)

A

Inherited gene changes in:
1. BRCA1
2. BRCA2

29
Q

OVARY

What is poor prognosis due to (49% 5 yr survival rate )

A

Late initial detection

30
Q

PANCREAS

5 yr survival rate

A

3%

31
Q

PANCREAS

Risk factors (2)

A
  1. Smoking
  2. Pancreatitis
32
Q

PANCREAS

metastasis to (7)

A
  1. Bodily tissue (viscera)
  2. Lung
  3. Bone
  4. Liver
  5. Kidneys
  6. Biliary duct
  7. Intestines
33
Q

PANCREAS

Why such poor prognosis (3% 5 yr survival)

A
  1. Most txs relatively ineffective
  2. Pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions so cancer affects many sytems of the body
34
Q

PROSTATE

5 yr survival rate

A

98%

35
Q

PROSTATE

Risk factors (2)

A

Uncertain but include:
1. Diet
2. Family hx of prostate cancer

36
Q

PROSTATE

metastasis to (2)

A
  1. Lymph nodes
  2. Bone
37
Q

PROSTATE

Why is the incidence increasing

A
  • Most common cancer in men
  • Incidence increasing due to improved diagnostic efficiency
38
Q

PROSTATE

What does autopsy analysis indicate

A

Most men have occult (hidden) cancers of the prostate

39
Q

CERVIX

5 yr survival rate

A

71%

40
Q

CERVIX

Risk factors (4)

A
  1. Early age of intercourse
  2. Multiple partners
  3. Smoking
  4. Exposure to HPV
41
Q

CERVIX

Metastasis to (1)

A
  1. Lymph nodes -> distance metastasis are rare
42
Q

CERVIX

Gene changes

A
  • HPV virus contributes to E6 and E7 oncogenes wich modify cell cycle and cell divison
43
Q

CERVIX

Why should there be a significant reduction o incidence

A

Introduction of the HPV vaccine

44
Q

SKIN

The three types of cell that can develop into skin cancer

A
  1. Basal cell (basal epithelium) carcinoma -> 75% of skin cancers
  2. Squamous cell carcinoma (keratinocytes) -> 20% of skin cancers
  3. Malignant melanoma (melanocytes) -> 5% of total
45
Q

SKIN

Are basal cell carcinomas curable and why?

A

Curable as they rarely metastasise

46
Q

SKIN

Are squamous cell carcinomas curable

A

Yes, if detected early

47
Q

SKIN

5 yr survival rate for malignant melanomas

A

85%

48
Q

SKIN

Risk factors for all types (2)

A
  1. UV light
  2. Fair skin
49
Q

SKIN

Melanoma metastasis (3)

A
  1. Lymph nodes
  2. Other parts of skin
  3. Lung

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