Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Health Science > Gastric System > Flashcards

Gastric System Flashcards

Aoife

1
Q

Describe ingestion

A

food is taken in through the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the process of mechanical digestion

A

large pieces of food broken into smaller pieces by chewing. also in stomach when food churned and mixed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe process of chemical digestion

A

the breakdown/hydrolysis of food molecules by water and digestive enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe movements

A

Peristalsis propels food through digestive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe absorption

A

Food molecules pass through lining of small intestine into blood/lymph capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe elimination

A

Food molecules that cant be digested/absorbed are eliminated from the body in the form of faeces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are proteins broken into

A

Amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are fats broken into

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are carbohydrates broken into

A

Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Function of Mouth

A

Saliva moistens food and begins to breakdown starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Function of Oesophagus

A

Peristalsis moves food to stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Function of Stomach

A

Produces acid and enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Function of Pancreas

A

Produces enzymes that metabolise food (small intestine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Function of Liver

A

Produces bile that digests fats and vitamins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Function of Gallbladder

A

Stores bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Function of Small Intestine

A

Produces digestive juices which mix with bile and pancreatic enzymes to breakdown proteins, carbs and fats. Absorption of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Function of Large Intestine

A

Water absorption, Vitamin K production and where excess waste becomes stool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

MUMPS
description

A

an acute viral disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

MUMPS
characterised by?

A

Swelling of the parotid salivary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

MUMPS
age group most common in?

A

childhood/adolescence
(5-15 years)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

MUMPS
when is mumps more severe?

A

In adults if onset is delayed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

MUMPS
what has made mumps less common?

A

MMR vaccine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

MUMPS
signs & symptoms (5)

A
  • painful swelling in side of face, under ears
  • headaches
  • joint pain
  • fever
  • dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

MUMPS
diagnosis

A
  • visual in GP
  • clinical examination of saliva for IgM
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How is mumps spread?

A

Spread via droplets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

When are mumps contagious?

A

Contagious before and after symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

MUMPS
complications

A
  • may affect other tissues (joints, pancreas, myocardium, kidneys)
  • meningitis
  • orchitis infertility in males
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

MUMPS
treatment

A

Symptom relief

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How long until mumps infection passes?

A

1-2 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

MUMPS
prognosis- immunity?

A

Immunity usually lifelong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

When does GORD develop?

A

When backflow of stomach contents causes troublesome symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the development of GORD due to?

A

Dysfunction of the lower oesophageal sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

GORD
symptoms (2)

A
  1. heartburn
  2. acid regurgitation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

GORD
causes & risk factors (4)

A
  1. obesity
  2. preganancy
  3. gastroparesis (delayed emptying of stomach contents)
  4. diseases of connective tissue (RA, scleroderma, lupus)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is GORD exacerbated by? (4)

A
  1. Smoking
  2. High fat foods, chocolate, coffee, alcohol
  3. eating shortly before bed
  4. medications (aspirin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

GORD
treatments (5)

A
  1. Antacids: neutralise acid in stomach and oesophagus
  2. H2 Blockers: reduces acid in stomch by blocking acid secretion in stomach
  3. Proton Pump Inhibitors: reduce stomach acid by blocking protein that makes stomach acid
  4. Surgery: severe cases
  5. Lifestyle Changes: stop smoking, change diet, no aspirin etc
37
Q

GORD
complications (4)

A
  1. Oesophageal Ulcer: caused by acid
  2. Oesophageal Stricture
  3. Barrett’s Oesophagus
  4. Lung Problems: due to inadvertent aspiration of stomach contents
38
Q

Barrett’s Oesophagus

What is Barrett’s Oesophagus sometimes a complication of?

A

GORD/GERD

39
Q

Barrett’s Oesophagus

Risk factors (7)

A

overlap with GORD:
1. obesity
2. pregnancy
3. gastroparesis
4. diseases of connective tissue
different:
5. family history
6. being male
7. being Caucasian

40
Q

Barrett’s Oesophagus

What is the tissue change in the lining of the oesophagus?

A

Squamous cells to columnar cells

41
Q

Barrett’s Oesophagus

Metaplasia definition

A

The conversion of one cell type to another

42
Q

Barrett’s Oesophagus

Dysplasia defintion

A

The transformation of a cell into an abnormal version of itself

43
Q

Barrett’s Oesophagus

What does dysplasia increase the risk of?

A

Adenocarcinoma (type of cancer that starts in mucous producing/glandular cells)

44
Q

Barrett’s Oesophagus

What do 3-13% of patients develop?

A

Oesophageal cancer

45
Q

Barrett’s Oesophagus

Symptoms? (4)

A
  1. heartburn
  2. regurgitation of stomach contents
  3. dysphagia
  4. chest pain (less common)
46
Q

Barrett’s Oesophagus

Treatment (2)

A
  1. daily Proton Pump Inhibitors
  2. therapy to destroy dysplasia
47
Q

Barrett’s Oesophagus

Diagnosis (2)

A
  1. OGD: OesophoGealDuodenoscopy
  2. Biopsy
48
Q

Achalasia

Description?

A

People with achalasia have dysfunction of the oesophageal muscles and their lower oesophageal sphincter fails to open

49
Q

Achalasia

Symptoms (5)

A
  1. Progressive dysphagia
  2. Regurgitation
  3. Heartburn
  4. Chest pain
  5. Weight loss (due to difficulty consuming foods)
50
Q

Achalasia

Causes (5)

A
  1. Nerve damage
  2. Viral infection
  3. Toxin exposure
  4. Autoimmune disease
  5. Genetic
51
Q

Achalasia

Diagnosis (4)

A
  1. Manometry: tube inserted into oesophagus to measure pressure applied along oesophagus
  2. Barium swallow and x-ray
  3. Endoscopy eg: OGD
  4. Biopsy
52
Q

Achalasia

Treatment (4)

A

No cure, only supportive treatments:
1. Medicines: relaxants (eg: nitrates) for oesophageal muscles, short lived symptom relief
2. Stretching muscle through dilation with a balloon, multiple treatments needed for long lived symptom relief
3. Surgery: Heller’s Myotomy: muscle fibres of lower oesophageal sphincter cut, disadvantage: acid reflux
4. Botox injection into muscle

53
Q

Stomach Disorder Terminology

Gastritis

A

Inflammation of the stomach

54
Q

Stomach Disorder Terminology

Anorexia

A

Chronic loss of appetite

55
Q

Stomach Disorder Terminology

Nausea

A

Unpleasant feeling that may lead to vomiting

56
Q

Stomach Disorder Terminology

Emesis

A

Vomiting

57
Q

Gastritis

Gastritis is the general term to describe what?

A

inflammation of the lining of the stomch

58
Q

Gastritis

Causes (4)

A
  1. Infection
  2. Use of pain relievers aspirin, ibuprofen
  3. Alcohol abuse: irrates and erodes stomach lining
  4. Autoimmune gastritis: seen in Hashimoto’s Disease, T1DM
59
Q

Gastritis

The onset can be both??

A

Acute or chronic
eg. acute: food poisoning

60
Q

Gastritis

Symptoms (4)

A
  1. Indigestion
  2. Nausea
  3. Emisis: vomiting
  4. Feeling of fullness in upper abdomen after eating
61
Q

Gastroparesis

What is gastroporesis?

A

Delayed gastric emptying

62
Q

Gastroparesis

Most common cause?

A

Diabetes

63
Q

Gastroparesis

What does the delayed gastric emptying do to the flow of food?

A

Slows/stops flow of food to small intestine through pyloric sphincter

64
Q

Gastroparesis

Symptoms (4) (same as gastritis)

A
  1. Indigestion
  2. Nausea
  3. Emesis
  4. Feeling of fullness in upper abdomen after eating
65
Q

Gastric Ulcers

What are gastric ulcers?

A

Open sores that develop on lining of stomach

66
Q

Gastric Ulcers

Symptoms (4)

A
  1. Indigestion
  2. Heartburn
  3. Nausea
  4. Asymptomatic - open sore = blood in stool
67
Q

Gastric Ulcers

Causes (2)

A
  1. Helicobacter pylori
  2. NSAID use: aspirin, ibuprofen
68
Q

Gastric Ulcers

Risk factors for H. pylori infections (5)

A
  1. low socio economic background
  2. geography: high rates in developing world
  3. hygiene
  4. non filtered water
  5. high meat/fish content diet
  6. smoking
69
Q

Gastric Ulcers

Risk factors for development of H.pylori ulcers (5)

A
  1. Diet: too much sugar/fat/acidic foods/spicy foods
  2. Alcohol
  3. Smoking
  4. Family history
  5. Age
70
Q

Gastric Ulcers

Diagnosis- to visually detect

A

OGD

71
Q

Gastric Ulcers

Diagnosis- Micro Methods (5)

A
  1. Antigen tests: presence/absence of antigens specific to bacterium in stool sample
  2. Urea breath test: breathe into 2 tubes, H.pylori breaks up substance (urea C13) if present
  3. Culture/ sensitivity: biopsy placed in special culture medium & grown in special conditions
  4. PCR: stool sample, detection of genes specific to bacterium, ability to detect resistance to antibiotics
  5. Serology: detection of IgM antibodies specific to bacterium
72
Q

Gastric Ulcers

Diagnosis- Histo Method

A

Staining of biopsy

73
Q

Gastric Ulcers

Treatment (2)

A
  1. Antibiotics -> Clarithromycin and Amoxicillan
  2. PPIs
74
Q

Gastric Ulcers

Why is antibiotic resistance a concern in the diagnosis??

A

Treatment failures after receiving Clarithromycin, limited choices then, have to do susceptibility testing = biopsy

75
Q

Gastric Ulcers

Complications (5)

A
  1. Bleeding: most common
  2. Perforation: hole forms through stomach
  3. Penetration: ulcer/perforation continues to adjacent organs/ tissues
  4. Obstruction: cycles of inflammation= scarring = pyloric stenosis
  5. Cancer: most commonly adenocarcinoma
76
Q

Coeliac Disease

Description

A

A digestive problem where the SI can’t absorb nutrients due to it becoming inflamed

77
Q

Coeliac Disease

Symptoms (8)

A
  1. Diarrhoea
  2. Abdominal pain & cramps
  3. Bloating
  4. Indigestion & Constipation
    Systemic symptoms:
  5. Tiredness -> malnutrition
  6. Weight loss
  7. Rash
  8. Nerve damage
78
Q

Coeliac Disease

Causes (2)

A
  1. Autoimmune: immune system mistakes substances found in gluten as threat & attacks them
  2. Damage to intestines: affects ability to absorb nutrients from food
79
Q

Coeliac Disease

What is the genetic component of the autoimmunity demostrated by??

A

The dependence of certain halotypes

80
Q

Coeliac Disease

What are halotypes?

A

A set of DNA variations that tend to be inherited together

81
Q

Coeliac Disease

What do the halotypes affect?

A

Genes of white blood cells that distinguish between self and non self cells

82
Q

Coeliac Disease

Diagnosis- Histo

A

Biopsy examined using different stains forpresence/absence of villi destruction commonly seen in Coeliacs Disease

83
Q

Coeliac Disease

Diagnosis- Biochem/Immunology

A

Blood serum analysed for antibodies specific to Coeliac Disease
eg. anti-TGA

84
Q

Coeliac Disease

What do worldwide rates mirror?

A

Spread of wheat consumption

85
Q

Coeliac Disease

Complications (6)

A
  1. Malnutrition: insufficient absorption of nutrients
  2. Bone weakening: insufficient absorption of calcium & Vit.D
  3. Infertility & miscarraige
  4. Lactose intolerance: damage to SI
  5. Cancer: intestinal lymphoma and cancer of SI
  6. Spleen disorders: reduced immunity
86
Q

Coeliac Disease

Treatment

A

Exclude foods w/ gluten

87
Q

Coeliac Disease

What may be the problem if a gluten free diet does not work?

A

Patient has Refractory Coeliac Disease

88
Q

Coeliac Disease

Treatment of refractory coeliac disease

A

Medicines to reduce inflammatory response -> steriods

89
Q

Coeliac Disease

Cause of Refractory coeliac disease (5)

A
  1. Inadvertant gluten contaminations
  2. Microscopic colitis
  3. Bacterial overgrowth of small bowel
  4. Lactose intolerance
  5. Bowel disorders

Health Science (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions