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STEP 1 Review > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

Neoplastic sequence

A

Normal epithelium
Hyperplasia (cells grow in number)
Dysplasia - abnormal proliferation of cells with loss of shape, size

Carcinoma in situ where neoplastic cells have not invaded basement membrane

Invasive carcinoma starts with a loss of e-cadherin, binding of laminin on basement membrane, invade basement membrane using collagenase and hydrolases. Attach to fibronectin.

Metastasis

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2
Q

Neoplastic sequence

A

Normal epithelium
Hyperplasia (cells grow in number)
Dysplasia - abnormal proliferation of cells with loss of shape, size

Carcinoma in situ where neoplastic cells have not invaded basement membrane

Invasive carcinoma starts with a loss of e-cadherin, binding of laminin on basement membrane, invade basement membrane using collagenase and hydrolases. Attach to fibronectin.

Metastasis

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3
Q

P-glycoprotein

A

Also known as MDR1, expressed by some cancer cells to pump out toxins (like chemotherapy).

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4
Q

How do carcinomas spread?

A

Via lymphatics

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5
Q

How do sarcomas spread?

A

Hematogenously

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6
Q

What carcinomas spread hematogenously?

A

Renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, follicular lymphoma of thyroid, choriocarcinoma

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7
Q

How does ovarian carcinoma spread?

A

Via seeding.

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8
Q

What adaptations do cancer cells have to prevent death?

A

Increased telomerase, FGF, and VEGF.

They can also downregulate MHC 1 to prevent immune surveillance.

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9
Q

What adaptations do cancer cells have to prevent death?

A

Increased telomerase, FGF, and VEGF.

They can also down regulate MHC 1 to prevent immune surveillance.

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10
Q

What adaptations do cancer cells have to prevent death?

A

Increased telomerase, FGF, and VEGF.

They can also down regulate MHC 1 to prevent immune surveillance.

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11
Q

Cachexia

A

Severe wasting due to increased TNFa, interferon gamma, and IL6

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12
Q

Acanthosis nigricans associated with

A

Gastric cancer (and other visceral malignancies)

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13
Q

Actinic keratosis associated with

A

Squamous cell carcinoma of skin

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14
Q

AIDS associated with

A

Kaposi Sarcoma and NHL

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15
Q

Autoimmune diseases (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, SLE)

A

Marginal Zone lymphoma

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16
Q

Barrett esophagus associated with

A

Adenocarcinoma of esophagus

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17
Q

Chronic atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, postsurgical gastric elements

A

Gastric adenocarcinoma

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18
Q

Cirrhosis associated with

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

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19
Q

Cushing Syndrome associated with

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A

Small cell lung cancer

20
Q

Dermatomyositis associated with

21
Q

Down syndrome associated with

22
Q

Dysplastic nevus associated with

23
Q

Hypercalcemia associated with

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A

Squamous cell carcinoma of lung (PTHrP producing)

24
Q

Lambert-Eaton myesthenic syndrome associated with

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A

Small cell carcinoma (antibodies against presynaptic ca)

25
Myasthenia gravia, pure RBC aplasia associated with
Thymoma
26
Paget disease of bone associated with
osteosarcoma/fibrosarcoma
27
Plummer Vinson syndrome associated with
squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus
28
Polycythemia associated with
Renal cell carcinoma/multiple myeloma/hepatocellular carcinoma
29
Radiation exposure associated with
Papillary thyroid cancer, leukemia, sarcoma
30
SIADH
Small cell lung cancer
31
Tuberous sclerosis
Giant cell astrocytoma, renal angiomyolipoma, cardiac rhabdomyoma.
32
Ulcerative colitis associated with
Colorectal cancer
33
Xeroderma pigmentosum
Melanoma, basal cell, squamous cell (especially)
34
BCR-ABL
Tyrosine Kinase oncogene created from a 9,22 translocation. CML, some ALL in adults
35
BCL-2
Anti-apoptotic oncogene that stabilizes mitochondrial membranes to prevent apoptosis. Overexpressed in follicular lymphoma 14,18 translocation
36
BRAF
Serine/threonine kinase that regulates map K, implicated in melanoma
37
C-Kit
Oncogene associated with GIstromal tumor
38
c-myc
Oncogene that is a transcription factor that upregulates cyclins. 8,14 translocation in burkitts lymphoma
39
Her2/neu
aka erb EDGF receptor
40
L-myc
Oncogene associated with lung cancer
41
N-Myc
Oncogene associated with neuroblastoma (in adrenal medulla)
42
Ras
GTPase that is mutated in colon/lung/pancreatic cancer. Activates MapK.
43
Ret
In mEN2A/2B (medullary carcinoma of the thyroid).
44
PDGF-B
Associated with astrocytomas, causes growth factor overexpression.
45
Cyclin D1
11,14 translocation in mantle cell lymphoma.

STEP 1 Review (21 decks)

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