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NSG 123 > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

TNM

A

Tumor size, number of lymph nodes involved, presence of metastases

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2
Q

Stage I

A

Small tumor, without spread outside of organ

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3
Q

Stage II

A

Invasion of deeper tissue or involvement of local lymph nodes

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4
Q

Stage III

A

Large or locally invasive tumors

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5
Q

Stage IV

A

Metastasized and spread

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6
Q

CAUTION

A 
Change in bowel habits
A sore that doesnt heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump in breast or other part 
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious change in wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness
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7
Q

Constitutional symptoms

A

B cell lymphoma, fatigue, weight loss, fever

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8
Q

Primary prevention

A

Modifying risk factors

  • quit smoking
  • immunization
  • chemoprevention
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9
Q

Secondary prevention

A

Cancer screening

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10
Q

Tertiary prevention

A

Reducing morbidity and mortality

Treatment and management of symptoms

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11
Q

Cure

A

5 years disease free survival

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12
Q

Remission

A

Disease free state and unclear if eradicated or disease free state will remain stable

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13
Q

Oncogene

A

Gene that causes cancer

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14
Q

3 modalities of cancer treatment

A

Surgical
Radiation
Medical

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15
Q

Neoadjuvant therapy

A

Therapy that shrinks tumor prior to removal or destruction, used with large solid tumors that cant be removed but can be after shrinking from treatment

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16
Q

Adjuvant therapy

A

After primary therapy that helps keep someone cancer free, chemo, radiation

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17
Q

PSA test

A

Prostate specific antigen

Measures amount in venous blood sample

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18
Q

Imaging

A

Identify tissue masses
CT scan: looks for involvement of vessels or body organs
PET scan: metabolically active tumors
MRI: brain joint and breast

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19
Q

Incisional biopsy

A

Into mass, danger of spreading malignant cells

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20
Q

Excisional biopsy

A

Cut the total mass out and a margin around it

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21
Q

Debulking

A

Partially removing part of the tumor that cant be fully excised

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22
Q

Neutropenia

A

Less than normal neutrophil count

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23
Q

External beam radiation

A

Treat local tumors

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24
Q

Anemia

A

Less than normal red blood cell count

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25
Q

HPV

A

Cervical cancer causing viral carcinogen

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26
Q

Carcinogens change?

A

DNA

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27
Q

Chemo cant cross?

A

Blood Brain Barrier

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28
Q

Myelosuppression

A

Most common side effect of chemotherapy, reduced bone marrow effect, lowers red and white blood cell and platelets

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29
Q

Antienemic

A

Medication given before chemotherapy to prevent nausea and vomiting

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30
Q

Hemorrhage

A

Excessive bleeding caused by low platelet count

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31
Q

Hydration

A

Prevents hemorrhagic cystitis

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32
Q

Benign

A

Tumor does not invade other tissues

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33
Q

CAUTION

A 
7 signs of cancer 
Change In bowels
A sore that doesnt go away
Unusual bleeding 
Thickening or lump in breast 
Indigestion or trouble swallowing
Obvious changes in wart or mole
Nagging cough
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34
Q

Cell cycle nonspecific

A

Chemo that destroys cells in any phase

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35
Q

Extravasation

A

tissue destruction related to IV chemotherapy

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36
Q

hypercalcemia

A

occurs when calcium is leached from the bones

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37
Q

allergy

A

hypersensitivity reaction

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38
Q

bleomycin

A

antitumor medication that can cause pulmonary failure

39
Q

protein

A

dietary element used to improve nutritional status of patients with weight loss

40
Q

biopsy

A

removal of small tissue sample for testing

41
Q

brachytherapy

A

internal radiation, patient considered radioactive

42
Q

chemo brain

A

memory loss related to chemotherapy

43
Q

tumor lysis syndrome

A

reaction to massive cell death leading to the release and overabundance of toxins

44
Q

cardio toxicity

A

most dose limiting factor when treating with doxorubicin

45
Q

debulking

A

surgical procedure to remove large localized tumors

46
Q

cystitis

A

inflammation of bladder

47
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

less than normal platelet count

48
Q

superior vena cava

A

oncological emergency (syndrome) affecting cardiovascular system

49
Q

phycological state of cancer

A

anxiety

50
Q

malignant

A

tumor invades other tissue

51
Q

trade name for chemo that turns urine red

A

Adriamycin

52
Q

alopecia

A

side effect of chemo effecting hair follicle

53
Q

skin markings to guide external beam radiation should not be…

A

removed

54
Q

patients will experience this if cancer metastasized to bone…

A

bone pain

55
Q

carcinomas

A

arise from cells that cover external and internal body surfaces: lung breast and colon

56
Q

sarcomas

A

cancer arising from cells found in supporting tissues of body: bone, cartilage, fat

57
Q

lymphomas

A

cancer that arises in lymph nodes and tissue of immune system

58
Q

leukemias

A

cancer of immature blood cells that grow in bone marrow and accumulate in blood stream

59
Q

metastatic…

A

share name with primary tumor

60
Q

lag time

A

delay from exposure to when cancer develops

61
Q

Epstein-barr virus

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma

62
Q

HPV

A

cervical cancer

63
Q

Hep B

A

liver cancer

64
Q

Kaposi’s sarcoma

A

tumor of blood vessels located on skin, caused by immune depression from HIV and KSHV virus

65
Q

DRE

A

digital rectal exam for prostate cancer

66
Q

hyperplasia

A

tissue growth based on excessive rate of cell division, leading to larger than usual number of cells

67
Q

dysplasia

A

excessive cell proliferation, loss of normal tissue arrangement and cell structure. Can sometimes lead to malignancy

68
Q

carcinoma in situ

A

severe case of dysplasia and remains in original location

69
Q

determine disease progression

A

how large tumor and how deep, spread to lymph nodes, metastasized to other regions

70
Q

CEA test

A

breast, pancreatic, lung, colon, thyroid

71
Q

CA 125

A

ovarian cancer

72
Q

CA 19.9

A

pancreatic cancer

73
Q

AFP

A

liver cancer

74
Q

prophylactic surgery

A

removal of non vital organs prior

75
Q

palliative surgery

A

intervention to relieve symptoms, not intended for cure

76
Q

reconstructive surgery

A

improve function or obtain desirable cosmetic effect

77
Q

peripheral neuropathy

A

burning, tingling, or numbing

78
Q

xerostomia

A

dry mouth from lack of saliva, Salegen stimulates saliva production

79
Q

mucositis

A

mucous membrane of mouth becomes red and swollen and painful

80
Q

cell cycle specific chemo

A

effect cells at specific phases of cell cycle, drugs given in frequent, divided doses correlate with cell cycle

81
Q

antimetabolites

A

cell cycle specific, interfere with DNA/RNA synthesis, mimicking essential cellular metabolites

82
Q

plant alkaloid/mitotic inhibitors

A

cell cycle specific, interrupts cellular replication during various phases to prevent cell division

83
Q

Delete

A

Delete

84
Q

Delete

A

Delete

85
Q

cell cycle nonspecific

A

effects cells in all phases of cell cycle, including resting phase, tumors with slowly dividing cells

86
Q

types of cell cycle nonspecific treatments

A

alkylating agents, antitumor antibiotics, hormonal therapies

87
Q

alkylating agent

A

prevent cell from reproducing, damage DNA, nitrosoureas: only agent that can cross BBB

88
Q

antitumor antibiotic

A

ability to kill bacteria and viruses, blocks DNA/RNA and protein synthesis

89
Q

hormonal therapies

A

some tumors grow more rapidly in presence of hormones, hormones are blocked

90
Q

radiopharmaceuticals

A

radioactive elements administered by IV, kill cells by absorbing radioactive elements

91
Q

corticosteroid

A

used in combination therapies, cell cycle nonspecific, disrupts cell membrane, inhibits synthesis of protein, and mitosis

92
Q

nadir

A

lowest level of peripheral blood cell count, particularly absolute neutrophil count, occurs secondary to bone marrow suppression

93
Q

monitor lab results of:

A

ANC, Hct/Hgb, creatinine, uric acid

NSG 123 (3 decks)

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