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Immunology > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Tumour antigens

A

Neoantigens (encoded by mutated genes)
Onncogenic virus antigens (EBV)
Overexpressed cell proteins

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2
Q

Elimination phase

A

tumour cells killed by NK/CD4/CD8 cells

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3
Q

Equilibrium phase

A

immune system is unable to destroy tumour (rate of destruction = rate of new cells)

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4
Q

Escape phase

A

clinically detectable tumour appears

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5
Q

Neutrophil immune surveillance (cancer)

A

produce TRAIL, stimulate apoptosis

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6
Q

NK cell immune surveillance (cancer)

A

express NKG2D which binds MICA and MICB on tumour cells, will also look for failure to express MHC

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7
Q

Macrophage immune surveillance (cancer)

A

M1 macrophages recognize DAMPs, get activated by T cell production of IFN-gamma, produce NO

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8
Q

CD8 immune surveillance (cancer)

A

looks for tumour peptides presented on MHC I, can lyse tumour cells

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9
Q

CD4 immune surveillance (cancer)

A

Activated by APCs presenting tumour antigens, produce IFN gamma to activate macrophages

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10
Q

NKT cell immune surveillance (cancer)

A

recognize antigen presented by non-classical MHC I by tumour

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11
Q

Cancer immunoediting

A

“natural selection” of tumours – by killing off any cells it can, the immune system selects for cancer cells that can evade immune system. This is how we get a tumour filled with only strong cells

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12
Q

Molecules that help tumour escape

A

TGF-beta, IDO, Galectin-1, PDL-1

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13
Q

How TGF-beta helps tumour escape

A

induces tumour proliferation, angiogenesis, suppresses host immunity

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14
Q

How IDO help tumour escape

A

Suppresses T cell proliferation

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15
Q

Galectin-1 tumour escape

A

stimulates angiogenesis

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16
Q

PDL1

A

slows down immune response

17
Q

M2 macrophages in cancer

A

anti-inflammatory environment created by M2 via VEGF and TGF-b is favourable for tumours.

18
Q

Tumour escape mechanisms

A

Highly similar to self (no PAMPs), not all cells express the same neoepitopes, switch off T cell responses (IL-10, TGF-beta), T cell checkpoint molecules (CTLA-4, PD-L1)

19
Q

Tumour Immunotherapy

A

Passive immunization - cytokine therapy (inject cytokines), T cell therapy (activate T cells with IL-2 and then inject), Monoclonal Ab’s against tumour Ag
Active immunization - chemically modified tumour cells, vaccination against oncogenic viruses (FeLV, Marek’s)

Immunology (11 decks)

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