Cancer Flashcards
(31 cards)
Gene associated with pancreatic cancer
KRAS
HNPCC AND FAP mutations are associated with
Colorectal cancer
Common cause of erysipelas
Streptococcus pyogenes (superficial limited cellulitis)
BRCA 1 and 2 associated risks
Both confer risk for breast and ovarian cancer (BRCA 1 a bit more than 2). Also linked to prostate, peritoneal and pancreatic.
Testing if positive BRCA or TP53
BRCA: MRI in 30-49 and mammogram in 50-69
TP53: MRI in 20-69
TP53 gene explain
À tumour suppressor gene that encodes P53, a protein that stops various cell proliferating mechanisms
RAS oncogene
A gene that controls the cell proliferation cycle. When it is over activated can lead to hyper proliferation,
Her2 is an example of
Pronto oncogene (overactivation leads to cancer)
Knudson two hit hypotheses
A tumour suppressor gene requires both alleles mutated in order to be inactivated
Role of BRCA 1 and 2
Repairs ds-DNA breaks
EGFR is…
A proto oncogene (overactivation leads to cancer)
Troisier sign
Solitary lymph node palpable in the left supraclavicular chain. Sign of gastric carcinoma
Common presentation of pancreatic carcinoma
Painless jaundice, trousseau sign (thrombophlebitis), atypical back pain
Metaplasia in oesophageal carcinoma
Reflux of acid content - Barrett’s oesophagus -> squamous epithelium changes to columnar epithelium, adenocarcinoma occurs
Most common symptom in esophageal carcinoma
Dysphasia
Common complication of oesophageal cancer treatment
Anatomical leak, leading to intrathoracic anastomoses a d mediastinitis (high mortality)
Common finding in histology of gastric cancer
Signet ring cells (large vacuole of mucin displacing nucleus to the side)
FAP causes and inheritance e
Autosomal dominant inheritance of APC tumour suppressor gene that causes thousands of adenomatous polyps that almost always develop to colorectal cancer
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia what is it
Most common leukaemia in adults, caused by proliferation of well deferentiated B cells (99% cases).
Complication of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Richter’s transformation - cells change into high grade fast growing non hodgkings lymphoma through lymph infiltration.
Chronic myeloid leukaemia phases and genetics
Defined by presence of Philadelphia chromosome, chronic, accelerated and blast crisis phases
Treatment for chronic myeloid leukaemia
Imatinib (TK inhibitor) is first line and works well
What is myelofibrosis
Proliferation of stem cells and myeloid cells in spleen, bone marrow and others. Megakaryocytes cause fibrosis of spleen.
Classical finding on myelofibrosis blood film
Tear drop poikilocyte
