Infective Flashcards
(29 cards)
Which of bacterial, viral and TB/ fungal meningitis causes: Appearance: Clear, turbid, fibrin web Protein: >1, <1, 0.1-0.5 Glucose: normal, <2.2, 1.6-2.5 Pressure: >30, normal
Bacterial: turbid, >1, <2.2 glucose, pressure >30 viral: clear, <1 protein, glucose normal, pressure normal TB: fibrin web, 1.6-2.5 glucose, protein 0.1-0.5
Most common cause of bacterial meningitis.
Strep pneumo. Haemophilus influenzae B also a cause.
Patient with sepsis and rash and neuro Sx shows a gram - diplococcus. What do they have
Meningococcal meningitis caused by neisseria meningitidis.
Classically presents with sepsis and purpuric rash
Age at risk of meningococcal meningitis
1st decade of life (under 5), then 11-19, then >65
Most common causative agents of viral meningitis. And prognosis
Human enteroviruses (coxsackie B and echovirus). Usually self limiting, although complications may arise in very young and very old.
Most common pathogen in immunocompromised patient with meningitis.
Cryptococcus neoformans. (A fungal organism)
Treatment of tuberculosis
Isoniazid + rifampicin + pyrazinamide + ethambutol
Staphylococcus & Streptococcus claddification
Gram + cocci.
Staph form into grape like clusters
Strep form in chains/ pairs
Clostridium classification
Gram positive bacilli (rod), forming spores
Name one gram - cocci
Neisseria
Name 2 gram negative bacilli anaerobic
enterobacteriacae (straight)
Vibrionioaceae (curved)
Pseudomonas classification
gram - aerobic bacilli
Bacteria showing acid fast stain
mycobacteria
Poorly staining bacteria
Mycoplasma
Chlamydia view on microscopy
Intracellular bacteria so you won’t see on staining
Ghonorrhoea is a…
Gram - diplococci (2 cocci together)
examples of
diplococci
streptococci
staphylococci
Diplococci - in pairs (neisseria gonnorhoea/ meningitidis gram - and strep pneumo gram +)
Streptococci - in chains. (Streptoccoccus pyogenes gram +)
Staphylococci - in clusters (staph aureus gram +)
Explain role of tat, rev, fiv, nef, vpu proteins in HIV
tat (viral transcription activator),
Rev (unspliced RNA nuclear export),
Vif (counteracts restriction factors APOBEC3f/G/H which protect us from viral activity),
nef (downregulates CD4 and MHC molecules, counteracts SERINC3/5)
vpu degrades CD4, counteracts tetherin
Action of tetherin, APODEC3
Tetherin inhibits release of viruses from cell suface (counteracted by vpu)
APODEC3 inhibits RT and disrupts DNA handling (inhibited by vif)
Major target tissue in acute HIV-1 infection
CD4 T cells in gut-associated lymphoid tissue through the CCR4 receptors.
HIV investigation
Serum ELISA looking for anti-p24 (only present once patient has seroconverted approx 3 month later). To confirm diagnosis, essential to perform a RT-PCR to detect HIV genomic RNA in the blood (can detect before seroconversion). CD4 cell count (below 500 abnormal, below 200 AIDS).
AIDS defining illnesses and causative organisms
Kaposi’s sarcoma (Herpes virus 8), PCP (pneumocystis carinii), toxoplasmosis (toxoplasma gondii), reactivation of herpes simplex virus 1/2, cytomegalovirus-induced retinitis, tuberculosis )mycobacterium tuberculosis)
Causes of disseminated intravascular coagulation
major trauma, spesis, malignancies, vascular disroders, severe toxic and immunological reactions and obstetric disorders.
Main treatment is solve underlying disorder and give fresh frozen plasma (platelets and coagulation factors).
Cause of shingles and complication.
Reactivation of varicella zoster which sits in the sensory ganglion of specific nerve roots. Aka herpes zoster.
Post-herpetic neuralgia complication.
