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4th Year > Cancer and Oncology > Flashcards

Cancer and Oncology Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

Systemic Side Effects of Chemotherapy

A 
Lung Fibrosis
Nephrotoxicity
Hypomagnesaemia
Coronary Artery Spasm
Cardiomyopathy
Haemorrhagic cystitis
Ototoxicity
Peripheral Neuropathy
Reduced fertility
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2
Q

What is the single most common, but treatable, side effect of chemotherapy?

A

Nausea and vomiting

Use Ondansetron/ Haloperidol palliatively

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3
Q

Other important patient-reported side effects of chemotherapy to discuss

A 
Alopecia
Mucositis
Candida infection
Photosensitivity
Extravasation
Palmar- Plantar Erythema
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4
Q

Fractions vs Grays in radiotherapy

A

Fractions: number of times radiotherapy is delivered

Grays: total dose of radiation

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5
Q

Important side effects of Radiotherapy to tell patients about

A 
Fatigue/ somnolence
Mucositis (plus thrush, dysphagia, xerostomia)
Nausea and vomiting
Diarrhoea
Cystitis (± urinary frequency)
Brachial Plexopathy
Spinal Cord Myelopathy
Lung Fibrosis
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6
Q

Breast cancer: most common type

A

Invasive Ductal Carcinoma

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7
Q

Stage 1 Breast Cancer

A

Mobile lump confined to breast

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8
Q

Stage 2 Breast Cancer

A

Mobile lump confined to breast

Axillary node involvement

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9
Q

Stage 3 Breast Cancer

A

Fixed to muscle
Axillary nodes matted and fixed
Skin involvement (larger than the tumour)

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10
Q

Stage 4 Breast Cancer

A

Completely fixed to chest wall

Distant metastases

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11
Q

Indications for 2 week urgent referral for breast cancer

A

30+ with unexplained breast/ axillary lump
50+ with unilateral nipple changes of concern
Skin changes

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12
Q

Cancers most commonly associated with bone metastases

A

1: Prostate
2: Breast
3: Lung

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13
Q

Most common sites of bone metastases

A
  1. Spine
  2. Pelvis
  3. Ribs
  4. Skull
  5. Long bones
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14
Q

Indications for neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer

A

Post-menopausal ER+ women
HER2+ / ER- women
Triple negative women

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15
Q

Who receives biological therapy for breast cancer

A

Women who are HER2+

Trastuzumab (Herceptin)

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16
Q

Who receives Tamoxifen as an endocrine treatment for breast cancer?

A

Pre-Menopausal women who are ER/PR +

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17
Q

Who receives Aromatase Inhibitors as a treatment for breast cancer?

A

Post-menopausal women who are ER/PR+

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18
Q

Tamoxifen side effects

A

Blocks oestrogen receptors, so SEs similar to menopause:

  • Hot flushes/ sweating
  • Vaginal atrophy
  • Tiredness
  • Period changes
  • Nausea
  • Oedema
  • Increased Endometrial cancer risk
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19
Q

Trastuzumab side effects

A 
Effects cardiac function (chest pain, SOB, syncope, palpitations)
Neutropenia- infection risk
Feeling sick
Loss of appetite
Bitter taste
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20
Q

Aromatase inhibitors sside effects

A

Menopausal symptoms
Myalgia/ joint pains
Hair and skin changes
Carpal tunnel syndrome

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21
Q

Genetic mutations associated with prostate cancer

22
Q

Ethnicity most at risk of prostate cancer

Study These Flashcards
A

Afro-Caribbean

23
Q

T1 staging of prostate cancer

Study These Flashcards
A

Clinically inapparent tumour

- Not palpable/ visible

24
Q

T2 Staging of prostate cancer

Study These Flashcards
A

Confined within the prostate

25
T3 staging of prostate cancer
Extends through capsule ± into bladder
26
T4 staging of prostate cancer
Fixed tumour OR | invades rectum/ levator muscles/ pelvic wall
27
Most common type of prostate cancer
Adenocarcinoma
28
Criteria for 2 week referral for prostate cancer
Malignant feeling prostate on examination | PSA levels above age-specific reference range
29
Indications for radiotherapy in prostate cancer
T1/T2 cancers with a low PSA (low risk) Use Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy
30
Hormonal therapies for prostate cancer
Used as an adjunct for RT or in advanced disease - LHRH agonists e.g. Leuprorelin, Goserelin - GRH agonists e.g. Degarelix - Anti-androgens - Bilateral orchidectomy
31
Which IBD is more strongly associated with colorectal cancer development
Ulcerative colitis
32
Distribution of CRC in the colon
1/3 rectal 1/3 left side 1/3 rest of colon
33
Who is elligble for the NHS bowel screening programme
Men and women 60-75
34
2 Week referral criteria for colorectal cancer
40+ with unexplained weight loss and abdo pain 50+ with unexplained rectal bleeding 60+ with anaemia or change in bowel habit Unexplained FOBT result Unexplained anal mass/ ulceration
35
Which NSCLC type is associated with Parathyroid Hormone related peptide secretion and subsequent hypercalcaemia?
Squamous cell carcinoma
36
Cell origin of SCLC
Kulchitsky cells
37
Pulmonary Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy
Squamous cell lung cancers Clubbing, periostitis of small joints, bone deposition of long bones
38
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH
Small cell lung cancers Hypo-osmolar, hyponatraemic state Nausea and vomiting, reduced oral intake, fatigue
39
Lambert-eaton syndrome
Small cell lung cancers Antibodies against calcium channels Muscle weakness
40
Troussea's Syndrome
VTE- clots/ thrombophlebitis palpable under the skin in lung cancer
41
Ectopic ACTH syndrome
Small cell lung cancers Get Cushing's Syndrome
42
NICE red flags for lung cancer
``` Unexplained Cough ± haemoptysis SOB Weight loss Fatigue Reduced appetite ```
43
NICE CXR indications in lung cancer
2 unexplained red flags | 1 red flag + patient is a smoker
44
Key indications for surgery in lung cancer
T1-2 NSCLC | No mediastinal involvement
45
Indications for G-CSF in neutropenic sepsis
Neutrophils <0.1 x 10 ^9 Lasts longer than 10 days Severe sepsis or multi-organ failure Co-morbidities
46
WHO Performance Status 0
Fully active, able to carry on all pre-disease performance without restriction
47
WHO Performance Status 1
Restricted in physically strenuous activity but ambulatory and able to carry out work of a light/ sedentary nature e.g. light house work, office work
48
WHO Performance Status 2
Ambulatory and able of all self-care but unable to carry out any work activities. Up and about more than 50% of waking hours
49
WHO Performance Status 3
Capable of only limited self-care and confined to bed or chair for more than 50% of waking hours.
50
WHO Performance Status 4
Completely disabled and unable to carry out any self care. Totally confined to bed or chair.
51
WHO Performance Status 5
Dead

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