Cancer Diagnostics

Question 1

Process for cancer treatment

Answer 1

1. Diagnosis
2. Further investigation
3. Treatment plan

Question 2

Diagnosis components

Answer 2

• Symptoms (pain/Cough)
• Screenings (Non-invasive ideal)

Question 3

Further investigation components

Answer 3

• biopsy
• Imaging (CT, MRI, PET)
• Blood tests

Question 4

list the possible treatment plans

Answer 4

• Chemotherapy
• Radiation
• Surgery
• Immunotherapy

Question 5

definition of chemotherapy

Answer 5

drugs designed to affect proliferating cells

Question 6

down side of chemotherapy

Answer 6

Can affect healthy cells
unpleasant side effects
less effective than radiation/ surgery

Question 7

Radiation treatment targets

Answer 7

proliferating cells

Question 7

Radiation is best when cancer is ____

Answer 7

localized

Question 7

When is surgery the best option

Answer 7

when cancer is localized

Question 7

Positives to radiation

Answer 7

precisely targeted

Question 8

Surgery is the removal of the ____

Answer 8

tumor

Question 8

Immunotherapy is the use of ___

Answer 8

antibodies

Question 8

What is a CT scan?

Answer 8

Multiple X-rays taken at different angles to reconstruct a 3D image

Question 9

What are contrast agents used for?

Answer 9

To enhance the contrast of medical images

Question 10

Why does X ray work well with bone?

Answer 10

• Bone has large HU number
• Large contrast between blood and bone

Question 11

Pros and cons of Iodine as a contrast agen

Answer 11

• pro= good contrast
• con= toxic at high concentrations

Question 12

Alternatives to work around toxicity of iodine

Answer 12

• incorporate iodine inside a large molecule via covalent bonds which makes it nontoxic

Question 13

problem with alternatives to iodine

Answer 13

• nonspecific biodistribution
• can be rapidly cleared by kidneys
• needs high concentrations because only a small amount will make it to the desired location

Question 14

Water soluble iodine based CT encapsulated in liposome can

Answer 14

place water soluble iodine inside liposome which can cause leakage due to decreased concentration

Question 15

liposome composed of iodine lipids can create a

Answer 15

lipid with iodine chemically attacked to it so it cannot leave (same amnt of iodine from start to end= no leakage)

Question 16

Gold absorbs _ than iodine which allows for better _

Answer 16

better, resolution, with lower X-ray dose

Question 17

downside to gold nanoparticles

Answer 17

• need to be synthesized
• expensive

Question 18

An MRI is used for ___

Answer 18

soft tissue abnormalities

Question 19

MRIs are generally ____ than X-rays becuase there is no_____

Answer 19

safer, radiaiton

Question 20

Because there is no _____, the resolution is _____

Answer 20

radiaton, lower

Question 21

Fe oxide MRI contrast agents

Answer 21

- Gd3+ - Iron Oxide - SPIOs (Superparamagnetic iron oxide NP's) - Ultra small SPIOs

Question 22

PET stands for

Answer 22

Positron Emission Tomography

Question 23

PET uses Fourinated glucose (F18) which is taken up by cells but not ____ when glucose is fluorinated

Answer 23

metabolized

Question 24

PET is useful for cancer imaging because

Answer 24

it will be taken up more by cells that need more glucose

Question 25

Tumors are acidic because there is less ___ which means less energy is produced per glucose molecule. this means

Answer 25

the cells need to consume lots of glucose to grow and achieve the same amount of energy

Question 26

Tumors are more metabollically active, F18 accumulates in areas of high metabolic acitivity which means

Answer 26

PET is a good scan for cancer

Question 27

Theranostics are

Answer 27

the combination of diagnostic and therapu (same particle can diagnose and treat)

Question 28

Light activiated theanostics

Answer 28

when activated by ligh, ROS produced cells kill the cells nearby and preserves healthy tissues

Question 29

Cancers that have screening methods

Answer 29

Breast colon cervical skin prostate

Question 30

No screening for

Answer 30

pancreatic and throat

Question 31

What is multi cancer early detection

Answer 31

screen for multiple cancers in one test

Question 32

Pros to multi cancer early detection

Answer 32

minimally invasive low false positive rates

Question 33

Methylation

Answer 33

methyl groups are added to the DNA (A and C)

Question 34

MCED tests look at changes in ______ of circulating DNA from a blood sample

Answer 34

methylation patterns

Question 35

Methylation changes the ____ of DNA without changing the sequence

Answer 35

activity

Question 36

Hypomethylation

Answer 36

fewer methyl groups than usual

Question 37

hypomethylation turn __ vertain genes that are usually supressed which can turn on ____ and cause tumors to grow

Answer 37

on, oncogenes

Question 38

hypermethylation

Answer 38

more methyl groups than usual (occurs on promoters)

Question 39

hypermethylation turns off _____ and cause tumors to ____

Answer 39

tumor supressor genes, grow rapidly

Question 40

Protomers _____ certain genes

Answer 40

turn on