Cancer Physiology

Question 1

Why is lung cancer so lethal?

Answer 1

Difficult to detect early because symptoms develop late

Question 2

The most common cancer in women is

Answer 2

breast cancer

Question 3

Leading cause of cancer death in men

Answer 3

prostate cancer

Question 4

most common cancer in men

Answer 4

prostate cancer

Question 5

What is malignant tumorigenesis

Answer 5

uncontrolled cell division in tumor

Question 6

cancer comes from

Answer 6

DNA mutations

Question 7

Causes of DNA mutations that lead to cancer

Answer 7

• Environmental factors (Chemicals, radiation, UV light, Smoking, and Nitrates)
• Inherited mutations
• Spontaneous DNA mutations

Question 8

Three types of genes that mutate to cause cancer

Answer 8

• Onco genes
• Tumor Supressor genes
• DNA repair genes

Question 9

Proto-oncogenes are responsible for

Answer 9

driving cell division

Question 10

tumor suppressor gene is responsible for

Answer 10

stopping cell division

Question 11

Oncogenes trigger

Answer 11

cell development

Question 12

Cancer stems from

Answer 12

uncontrolled cell division

Question 13

Oncogenes are a ______ signalling pathway which tells cells to _____

Answer 13

growth factor, grow

Question 14

What is apoptosis

Answer 14

controlled cell death

Question 15

Possible mutations of Onco genes

Answer 15

1. Activates receptor in the absence of growth factor
2. cell produces more growth factor
3. Txn factors: DNA –> RNA

Question 16

_______ of tumor suppressor genes lead to cancer

Answer 16

Absence/ Inactivation

Question 17

Normal function of tumor suppressor gene

Answer 17

restrain cell proliferation

Question 18

P53 transcription factor is the _______ of the genome

Answer 18

guardian

Question 19

P53 txn factor prevents _________

Answer 19

DNA mutations being passed down to daughter cells

Question 20

DNA repair genes either

Answer 20

1. Fix bad DNA
2. Trigger apoptosis

Question 21

removal of DNA repair genes lead to the buildup of ______ or decrease in _____ that leads to cancer

Answer 21

Oncogenes, tumor suppression genes

Question 22

point mutation

Answer 22

single base pair change in DNA code.

Question 23

Hallmarks of cancer

Answer 23

1. Sustaining proliferative signaling
2. Evading growth suppressors
3. Activating invasion and metastasis
4. Enabling replicative immortality
5. Inducing Angiogenesis
6. Resisting of cell death

Question 24

Sustaining proliferative signaling is

Answer 24

the gas pedal of cell proliferation

Question 25

evading growth repressors is

Answer 25

the brakes of cell proliferation

Question 26

activating invasion and metastasis is

Answer 26

cells only grow in their own tissues but cancer can move in the body and grow in a new site

Question 27

enabling replicative immortality is

Answer 27

cells only divide so many times because telomeres become shorter when dividing. But not the case with cancer

Question 28

inducing angiogenesis is

Answer 28

cancer cells produce and form their own blood vessels

Question 29

Resisting cell death is

Answer 29

cancer resists apoptosis

Question 30

Angiogenesis definition

Answer 30

production of blood vessels

Question 31

a tumor can grow from a single cell with _____

Answer 31

mutations

Question 31

Angiogenesis cancer characteristics

Answer 31

- Occurs rapidly with tumors - poorly formed network within tumors

Question 32

Cancer cells displace healthy cells by ________

Answer 32

competing for nutrients/ O2

Question 33

Function of blood vessels in tumor

Answer 33

- take nutrients/ O2 to the tumor - Remove waste from the tumor

Question 34

Intra-tumor pressure is ____ due to no removal of waste

Answer 34

high

Question 35

Normal vasculature has _____ and ____ formed endothelial cell junctions

Answer 35

continuous, well

Question 36

Tumor has _____ or ______ vasculature

Answer 36

defective, leaky

Question 37

Cancer is

Answer 37

Uncontrolled cell proliferation

Question 38

Enhanced permeability and retention effect states

Answer 38

tumor blood vessels are formed rapidly and are leaky

Question 39

Tumors have a vessel network that has ______

Answer 39

heterogeneity