Cancer key factors Flashcards
(181 cards)
1
Q
What is the most common primary brain tumor in children
A
Astrocytoma
2
Q
What is the most common primary brain tumor in adults?
A
glioblastoma multiforme
3
Q
overall the most common cancer in brains is
A
metastatic tumors
4
Q
the most common routes of spread for Cns tumors are local invasion and seeding through
A
Cerebrospinal fluid CSF
5
Q
the most common area for CSF seeding is in the
A
lumbralsacral area
6
Q
What is the main pathology for oral cavity cancers
A
Squamous cell carcinomas
7
Q
Which of the following are included in the main route of lymphatics spread for oral activity?
- Buccinator
- Supraclavicular
- Jugulodigastric
- Submandibular
- Subdigastic
- Submental nodes
- Cervical nodes
Hint ( B, J, S, SM, *C)
- main one
A
1,3,4,6,7
8
Q
What is the most common site of spread for oral cavity cancers?
A
Cervical lymph nodes
9
Q
Which of the following parts of the pharynx is located at the level of C2-C3
A
Oropharynx
10
Q
which of the following parts parts of the pharynx is located posterior to the larynx
A
laryngopharynx
11
Q
Which of the following parts of the pharynx is located at the level of C1
A
nasopharynx
12
Q
Which of the following parts of the pharynx is located at the level of C3-C6
A
laryrngopharynx
13
Q
Which of the following parts of the pharynx is associated with EBV (Epstein bar virus)
A
Nasopharynx
14
Q
Where is the most common location of cancer in the oropharynx
A
tonsils
15
Q
Both oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers are associated with
A
HPV
16
Q
Which part of pharynx - oraphraynx drains too
( Sg , uc , sm , p )
A
subdigastric, upper cervical, submaxillary and parapharyngeal nodes
17
Q
Which part of nasopharynx drains to
(c, r , j )
A
Nasopharynx
-cervical nodes, retropharyngeal node (node of Rouviere), and jugulodigastric nodes
18
Q
Which part of pharynx - hypopharynx drains to
( mc , sd , mj , lj , r )
A
Hypopharynx
-midcervical nodes, superior deep, middle and low jugular nodes; and retropharyngeal node (node of Rouviere)
19
Q
Which of the following extends from C3-C6
A
Larynx
20
Q
Which of the following is the false vocal cords
A
Supraglottis
21
Q
Which of the following is the true vocal cords?
A
Glottis
22
Q
What is related disease to larynx cancer?
larynx - the hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords in humans and other mammals; the voice box.
A
HPV
23
Q
What is the most common pathology of larynx cancer
A
Squamous cell carcinomas
24
Q
Which of the following does the field size of only 5x5 cm (postage stamp) apply to
A
LArynx
25
What is the largest of all the salivary glands
Parotid
26
The most common malignant type of salivary gland tumors is?
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
27
Which best describes how the salivary gland spreads via the nodes
Ipsilateral -belonging to or occurring on the same side of the body.
28
What is the most common type of thyroid cancer
papillary
29
What is the most aggressive thyroid cancer
Anaplastic
30
Which of the following nodes is located below the mastoid tip
Jugulodigastric
31
Which lymph node receives almost all lymph from the head and neck area
1. Jugulodigastric
2. Node of Rouviére
3. Spinal accessory chain
4. Subdigastric Node
5. Mastoid node
hint : JS
1,4
32
the breast is positioned between the ___ and the ___ rib.
2nd and the 6th rib
33
What is the name of the connective tissue that extend throughout the breast to help support it
Coopers suspensory ligmanets
34
What is the name of the breast tissue that is close to the axilla
Tail of Spence
35
most common site for breast cancer is the
Upper outer quadrant (UOQ)
36
What is the chemotherapy combination for breast cancer
CMF
37
What chemotherapy agent can be used to treat hormone- receptors - positives and early staged breast cancer
Tamoxifen
38
The following explain what level of the axilla: located under the pectoralis minor muscle
level 2
39
The following explain what level of the axilla: lowest and most superficial; first place for drainage; located lateral to the pectoralis minor muscle
Level 1
40
The following explain what level of the axilla: located superior to the pectoralis minor muscle
Level 3
41
What is the most common type of breast cancer ?
infiltrating ductal carcinoma
42
Regional involvement of the breast spreads to what nodes?
Axillary and IM nodes
43
The lungs are lined by two membranes which is called
the pleura
44
the area where the trachea bifurcates and is located around T4-T5 is called the
carina
45
Where is the location where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged? (inside lungs)
Alveolar ducts
46
What is the location within the lungs where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves gain entry to the lungs
Hilum
47
Which lung cancer is associated with tobacco use
Small cell
48
Which lung cancer is not associated with tobacco use
Non- small cell
49
what is the most common type of lung cancer
Adenocarcinoma
50
which of the following is connected with asbestos exposure?
Mesothelioma
51
Which of the following best describes small cell limited stage?
On one side of lung
52
Which of the following best describes small cell extensive stage
On both sides of lung
53
Which of the following starts around C6 and ends around T10?
Esophagus
54
Which of the following is associated with Barretts Esophagus
Adenocarcinomas
55
Which of the following best describes the metastatic pattern of the esophagus
Skip mets
56
Which of the following histologies are common in the upper and middle sections of the esophagus
Squamous cell carcinomas
57
Which of the following histologies are common in the lower section of the esophagus and GE junction
Adenocarcinomas
58
What is the most common esophageal cancer in the U.S. ?
Adenocarcinoma
59
What layer of the stomach do most tumors start
mucosa
60
What is the most common lymph node involved with stomach cancers
Celiac node
61
What is the most common histology of Stomach cancer
Adenocarcinoma
62
What is the longest part of the GI tract
Small bowel
63
List the three sections of the small intestine in order
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
64
What are the two most common nodes with small intestine cancer
Mesenteric and celiac nodes
65
the colon (large intestine) is divided into how many regions?
8 sections
66
What is the most common histology for small bowel cancer
Adenocarcinoma
67
What is the type of resection that Removes colon, but leaves the sphincter and rectum
Anterior resection
68
What is the type of resection that Removes the anus and part of rectum
Abdominoperineal resection
69
Which of the following is a major risk factor for large bowel cancer
polyps
70
What is the most common histology of large bowel?
Adenocarcinoma
71
Which of the following best describes the large bowel spread pattern
via direct extension in a radial style
72
what is the most common symptom of anal cancer?
Rectal bleeding
73
Anal cancer is associated with?
HPV
74
What is the most common histology of anal cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma
75
Which of the following is located around L1 L2
Pancreas
76
Which location within the pancreas is the most common?
HEAD
77
What is the most common surgery for pancreatic cancer?
Whippel procedure
78
What is the most common pathology for pancreatic cancer?
Ductal cell carcinoma
79
Which lymphatic is most common for adrenal tumors
Paraaortic nodes
80
What is the most common pathology for Adrenal tumors
Adrenocortical tumors
81
Which is the largest gland in the body
liver
82
What is the most common type of Liver cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma
83
Which of the following stores bile and empties it into the duodenum when stimulated
the. gall bladder
83
What is the most common location of liver cancers
Upper right quadrant
84
What is most common pathology for gallbladder cancer
Adenocarcinoma
85
Which of the following Bring urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder
Ureter
86
What is most common pathology for ureter cancer
Transitional cell carcinoma
87
Which of the following is located from around T12 to L3 in the retroperitoneal space
Kidney
88
What is most common pathology for Kidney cancer?
Renee cell carcinomas
89
Kidney cancers spread via direct extension through
renal capsule
90
what is a typical presentation for bladder cancer
gross or microscopic hematuria
91
Is the male or female urethra longer?
MAle
92
What is most common pathology for bladder cancer
Transitional cell carcinoma
93
what is the most common pathology for urethra cancer
squamous cell carcinoma
94
The prostate is ___ to the bladder and ____ to the rectum
Inferior, anterior
95
which node for prostate cancer is involved with metastasis
paralytic nodes
96
What is most common pathology for prostate cancer
Adenocarcinoma
97
What location is the most common for prostate cancer for bone metastasis
the spine
98
What part of the male reproductive system holds the spermatozoa and produces testorone
Testes
99
Which of the following leads to increased risk of testicular cancer
Cryptorchidism -a condition in which one or both of the testes fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum.
100
What is the common treatment field for testicular cancer
Hockey stick
101
hat is most common pathology for testicular cancer
Germ cell tumors
102
What is most common pathology for Penile cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma
103
What is the innermost layer of the uterus
endometrium
104
What is the most common clinical presentation for endometrium cancers?
Postmenopausal vaginal bleeding
105
Which of the following is the most common gynecologic malignancy
Endometrial cancer
106
All GYN cancer use what staging system
FiGo
107
What is most common pathology for Endometrium cancer
Adenocarcinoma
108
Which of the following is inferior to the uterus and superior to the vagina
cervix
109
What is the opening between the body of the uterus and the cervix
Internal Os
110
What is the opening from the cervix leading into the vagina
externals Os
111
Which cancer is detected by Pap smear
Cervical
112
For HDR which point is explain below for cervical cancer:
2 cm superior to the cervical os and 2 cm lateral to the endocervical canal
Point A
113
What is most common pathology for Cervical cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma
114
What GYN cancer is the most deadly
Ovarian
115
Serum CA-125 is elevated when which of the following is present
Ovarian carcinoma
116
Which of the following nodes do cervical cancer primarily spread to
periaortic nodes
117
what is most common pathology for ovarian cancer
Epithelial carcinoma
118
The vagina is ____to the bladder and _____to the rectum
posterior anterior
119
What is the most common location for vaginal cancers
posterior wall of the upper third
120
What is clinical presentation of vaginal cancer
Vaginal bleeding
121
Most common node involved for vaginal cancer is the
inguinal node
122
What is most common pathology for vaginal cancers is
Squamous cell carcinoma
123
Most vulvar cancers occur in the
labia majora
124
What is most common pathology for vulvar cancer is
squamous cell carcinoma
125
Which part of the body had the most bone marrow
pelvis
126
Why do most skeletal tumors occur in the distal femur and proximal tibia?
because they have the largest growth plates
127
What is the most common clinical presentation of skeletal tumors
Pain
127
For skeletal tumors Lymphatic spread is not common unless the tumor occurs in what region of the body
Trunk
128
Reed-Sternberg cells indicate what
Hodgkin lymphoma
129
Which of the following are B symptoms
Fever, night sweats, and 10 percent weight loss within six months
130
Which of the following is a common chemotherapy drug combo for hodgkins lymphoma
MOPP
131
Which of the following is true regarding hodgkins lymphoma
occurs in bimodal age groups
132
Which of the following fields is used for hodgkins lymphoma
Mantle field and inverted Y
133
What is most common pathology for Hodgkin lymmhoma
Nodular sclerosino Hodgkins lymphoma (NSHL)
134
Which of the following best describes non- Hodgkins spread pattern
Random with no order
135
Which chemotherapy combination is used for NOn-hodgkins lymhoma
CHOPP
136
What is most common pathology for Non- hodgkins lymphoma
B-cell, diffuse
137
Soft tissue sarcoma most occur in what location in adults
Extremities
138
When irradiating sarcomas, it is important that the entire circumference of the extremity or area is
not within the treatment field
139
What is most common pathology for STS's in adults
malignant fibrous histiocytoms (MFH)
140
What is most common pathology for STS's in children
rhabdomysarcoma
141
Where is the most common site of rhabdomyosarcoma
genitourinary tract
142
where is the most common site of rhabdomysarcoma
genitourinary tract
143
which of the following is the most common bone tumor in children
osteosarcoma
144
which of the following is the most common bone tumor in adults
chondrosarcoma
145
What is staging system for lymphoma
ANN Arbor staging system
146
What is staging system for lymphoma
ANN Arbor staging system
147
Which of the following has an onion-shaped appearance on radiographic images
Ewings sarcoma
148
Which of the following is a malignancy of plasma cells
multiple myeloma
149
Multiple myeloma occurs is what type of cells of the bone marrow
B-cells
150
When can the patient can be diagnosed with multiple myeloma
When 10 percent of bone marrow cells are plasma cells upon aspiration
151
Which of the following cancers lymph node involvement vastely depends on the location of the cancer
Skin
152
Which of the following is a Skin cancer in the stem cells of the deepest layer of the skin (stratum basale
Basal cell carcinoma
153
Which of the following is a Skin cancer in the superficial layers of the epidermis
Squamous cell carcinoma
154
Which of the following is the most common type of skin cancer
Basal cell carcinoma
155
Which of the following is the most aggressive skin cancer
melanoma
156
what rule should you follow for melanoma
ABCD
157
Where are some Common locations for melanomas
Face and scalp
158
Which staging system do leukemias use
FAB
159
Which of the following is an Overgrowth of cells that are unable to differentiate in response to hormonal signals and cellular interactions
AML
160
Which of the following is caused by Abnormal hematopoietic stem cells that contain the Philadelphia chromosome (Phil)
CML
161
Which of the following is an overgrowth of unhealthy lymphoblasts, B lymphocytes, or T lymphocytes which limits the growth of healthy cells
ALL
162
Which of the following is cause because of Increased number of leukemic cells in the bone marrow, blood, lymph nodes, and spleen
CLL
163
Which of the following is the most common in children
ALL
164
Which of the following is the most common type of acute leukemia in adults
AML
164
Which of the following is associated with Auer rods
AML
165
Which of the following does not have any assoication with radiation being a risk factor
CLL
165
Which of the following has these three stages
1. Chronic
2. Accelerated
3. Blast Crisis
CML
166
Which of the following are not treated with bone marrow transplants
CLL
166
Who are the best donors for Bone marrow transplants
Identical twins
167
Which type of bone marrow transplant is where the patient's own bone marrow is reinfused after leukemic cells have been removed
Autologous BMT
168
Which type of bone marrow transplant is where bone marrow is donated by a compatible donor (family member or stranger)
Allogeneic BMT
169
Which of the following is a Subgroup of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
Mycosis fungicides
169
Which of the following is primary treatment for mycosis fungoides
Total-skin electron beam (TSEB)
170
Heterotopic ossification happens in some patients who undergo what type of surgery
HIP
171
Which of the following is a Benign condition of uncontrolled growth of connective tissue
Keloid
172
When must radiation occur for keloids
Within 24 hours of surgery
173
Which of the following is An abnormality where the arteries and veins become tangled and are unable to transfer oxygen and nutrients to vital organs, such as the brain
Arteriovenous Malformations (AVM)
174
Which of the following are typically used when treating Arteriovenous Malformations (AVM)
SRS
175
which of the following is the most common type of tumor in the head and is benign
Meningioma
