Cancer L12 - SP4 - Fill in the blanks only Flashcards
(25 cards)
At what age does age become a risk factor for colorectal cancer?
Age 50
Cancer stage describes…
How much cancer is in the body and where it was first diagnosed. It describes the size of the tumour, which parts of the organ has cancer, and if it has metastasized and where it has spread.
Prevention strategies for colorectal cancer
Eat a diet low in animal fat and high in fruits and veggies and whole grains. Avoid alcohol, don’t smoke, and increase physical activity. Also get regular screening after age 50.
General symptoms of chronic leukemia
Swollen lymph nodes, shortness of breath, pain/fullness in stomach, fatigue, night sweats, fever and infections, and loss of appetite and weight.
Location of stage 1 lymphoma
Neck and lymph nodes
Location of stage 2 lymphoma
Armpit. 2 or more lymph nodes.
Location of stage 3 lymphoma
Can be located both above and below the diaphragm.
Location of stage 4 lymphoma
Several lymph nodes. Multiple organs.
Example of a preventative vaccine for cancer?
Gardasil for HPV
Goal of education as a prevention strategy.
To increase knowledge and motivation, to change attitudes, and to increase the skills needed to maintain good health.
Goal of Public Health Policy as a prevention strategy.
To make it easier for people to adopt healthy practices, and to make it more difficult for people to adopt unhealthy practices.
Examples of environmental supports as a prevention strategy.
Smoke-free areas, shade in playgrounds, exercise promotion in residential planning, and nutritious food provisions in schools.
Goal of health enhancement as a prevention strategy.
To increase levels of good vitality and resilience in all.
Goal of risk avoidance as a prevention strategy.
To ensure that people who are already low risk remain low risk.
Goal of risk reduction as a prevention strategy.
To reach individuals who are at moderate to high risk.
4 main behavioural risk factors
Smoking. Diet. Physical inactivity. Alcohol use.
Goal of screening.
To decrease mortality and increase survival. To improve quality of life.
Predictive value
The probability that subjects with positive screening tests truly have the disease.
Consequences of a false positive result.
Stress. Biopsies have risks.
Consequences of a false negative result.
Patient doesn’t get the treatment they need.
Criteria for screening programs…
Safe. Acceptable positive predictive values. Cost/benefit is acceptable. Easy to administer and regulate. Disease must be serious or have a major impact on QoL. Disease progression should be interruptible. Diagnosis and treatment should be available and meaningful.
Over-diagnosis bias in cancer screening programs
When cases are detected that would not have progressed to cancer or to death.
Lead-time bias in cancer screening programs
Early detection leads to a longer time the patient is considered “ill,” not necessarily to longer life.
Intrareliability
Observer variability (differences in repeated measurements by the same screener)
