cancer lecture Flashcards
What is prevalence?
Proportion of a population with a condition at a given time
Is incidence?
The portion of a population developing a condition in a given time
What is hyperplasia?
An increasing number of cells
What is hypertrophy?
An increase in the size of cells
What is metaplasia?
Reversible replacement of one cell type for another cell type
What is dysplasia?
Disordered cellular development which is still reversible but once it gets to you neoplasia it is not reversible.
What are benign cancers of epithelial origin?
Adenoma which is a benign tumour formed from the glandular structures of epithelium.
Papilloma which is a benign tumour at the epithelium and appears as a nipple like structure.
What is a malignant tumour of epithelial origin called?
Carcinoma
What does stromal origin mean?
the tissue forming the ground substance, framework, or matrix of an organ, as opposed to the functioning part or parenchyma.
what are the different types of benign stroll disease?
Haemangioma- A haemangioma is a collection of small blood vessels that form a lump under the skin.
Leiomyoma- also known as fibroids, is a benign smooth muscle tumor that very rarely becomes cancer
Rhabdomyoma- a benign tumor of striated muscle. Rhabdomyomas may be either “cardiac” or “extra cardiac”
What are malignant cancer of stromal origin?
Haemangiosarcoma
Leiomyosarcoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
What is the association between human grade and differentiation?
- the higher the grade the less well differentiated the tumour
- well differentiated
- moderately differentiated
- poorly differentiated (anapaestic)
how can you tell if a tumour is less well differentiated?
- increase in nuclear staining
- atypical mitosis
- increase nuclear to cytoplasm ratio
what is TNM staging?
Tumour size (T1 to T4)
Nodes (N0 to N3) N0- no lymph nodes N1- regional small lymph nodes N2- in between n3- more distant and numerous lymph nodes
Metastasis (M0 or M1)
- M0- no distant metastasis
- M1- distant metastasis to other organs
what is the staging criteria used for colorectal cancer?
dukes
-Dukes’ A,B,C or D.
A=The cancer is in the inner lining of the bowel
B=The cancer has grown through the muscle layer of the bowel.
C= The cancer has spread to at least 1 lymph node close to the bowel.
D=The cancer has spread to another part of the body, such as the liver, lungs or bones
what criteria is used to stage melanoma?
Breslow’s thickness measure of how deeply a melanoma tumor has grown into the skin. The tumour thickness (depth) is usually measured from the top of the tumour to the deepest tumour cells
what are the hallmarks of cancer?
- sustained proliferative signals
- evasion of growth suppression
- avoidance of immune destruction
- replicative immortality
- tumour promoting inflammation
- invasion and metastasis
- angiogenesis
- genome instability
what are the different mechanisms by which cancer can spread?
- direct
- lymphatic
- haematological
- transcoelemic- (via the peritoneum)
how are carcinomas mainly spread?
lymphatic
how are sarcomas mainly spread?
haematological
what is the tumour marker for prostate cancer?
- PSA- prostatic specific antigen
- also elevated in BPH prostatitis, UTI, catheterisation
what is the tumour marker for bowel cancer?
CEA- carcinoembryonic antigen
- Also elevated in smokers, cirrhosis, IBD
what is the tumour marker for ovarian cancer?
Ca 125
- Also elevated in peritoneal malignant disease, endometriosis
what is the tumour maker that is elevated in pancreatic and Hillary malignancy?
Ca 19-9
