Cancer Part I Flashcards by Rachel Cloke

Neoplasia

abnormal growth that doesn’t respond to normal growth control mechanisms

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Benign

growth is limited May cause damage if presses on nearby tissue. ex: kid has a benign brain tumor that causes extensive respiratory depression from increased pressure on the respiratory center

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Malignant

cancerous

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neoplasm

new abnormal growth (benign or malignant)

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second hand smoke & asbestos causes what in kids

lung cancer

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In kids, tumors most frequently occur in organs unexposed to the environment such as..

leukemia of the bloodstream, nephroblastoma of the kidney, brain tumors or neuroblastoma in the abdomen

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Cell mutation theory

Carcinogenic agents + heredity=aalter cells

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Carcinogenic

producing cancer. viruses, radiation or chemical, physical, genetics, drugs, diet, hormones,

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Onocogenic viruses

caner-causing viruses change the DNA or RNA structure

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C type RNA viruses may be involved in

leukemia

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Epstein-Barr virus, a DNA virus may be involved with

Burkitt’s lymphoma

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C type RNA & Epstein-Barr virus is supported by?

The fact that an immunodeficient state increases the risk for development of a neoplastic growth

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The development of cancer is linked to the failure of the normal immune system. (the “hey I know you” system) Possible by

Aging, tumor cells may not be recognized, tumor cells may suppress the immune system

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Who is at risk for cancer?

Organ transplant patient, AIDS/Autoimmune Patients, Elderly

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Common childhood cancer

Wilms tumor

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angiogenesis is what and what stage does it happen in? (Initiation, promotion o Progression)

tumor forms blood vessels to provide access for oxygen & nutrients. This process is also called neovascularization. Happens in Progrssion stage

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autonomy

loss of normal controls & rxns that inhibit growth & spreading; property of cancer cells

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Stages of cells

G1:Protein & RNA is synthesized, S: DNA is synthesized, G2:mitotic spindle forms occur M:Mitosis occurs

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VEGF

Targets proteins that help supply the blood & nutrients to tumor (angiogenesis) & so tumor dies

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antineoplastic agents

designated to fight neoplasms (cancer cells), they kill normal cells are well. Used as palliative care when tumor is too big to cure

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onocogenic viruses

cancer-causing viruses that change the DNA or RNA in a cell. (C Type RNA & Epstein-Barr virus)

The development of cancer is linked to the failure of the normal immune system possible by?

Age, Tumor cells may not be recognized, tumor cells may suppress the immune system

Rapid multiplying cells

Gi system, Hair, skin, bone marrow

slow cells

breast, testies, ovaries

DES Diethylstilbestrol is the cause of what type of cancer

vaginal carcinomas

Stages of carcinogenesis

initiation, promotion, progression

initiation stage of carcinogenesis

carcinogens alter the cell DNA-it can repair itself but if not it leads to promotion

Promotion stage of carcinogenesis

repeated exposure causes the expression of mutant gene formation "on switch" for cellular growth

Progression stage of carcinogenesis

exhibit increased malignant behaviors (invading, metastasizing)

Carcinogens

agents that initiate or promote cellular transformation

well differentiated

resemble normal cells. Grade 1. You can tell which cells they are, liver cells etc

least differentiated

the loss of similarity to normal cells, Grade 4, cant tell which cells they came from

Unproductive cellular alterations

hyperplasia, metaplasia,dysplasia, anaplasia, neoplasia. Can reverse after irritation is removed or can lea to malignancy esp with dysplasia

T-lymphocytes

recognize tumor-associated antigens

Lymphokines

produced by lymphocytes can kill cancer cells, & mobilize macrophages

Interferon

produced by the body to fight viruses, has some antitumor properties

Antibodies are produced by

B-Lymphocytes

NK (Natural Killer) cells

major defense against cancer cells, they produce lymphokines & enzymes

Incisional biopsy

part of tumor

Excisional biopsy

all of tumor

Tumor grading, G1, G2, G3, G4

resembles tissue of origin, moderately resembles tissue of origin, poorly resembles tissue of origin, undifferentiated

Adenocarcinoma

glandular malignancy

TNM staging is only good for which type of cancer

carinomas

T is in situ

tumor is in the skin, not in tissue just skin

T 1-4

tumors different size and shape

most common spread of malignant cells

lymphatic spread

N1a-N2a

regional node involvement no mets

N1b-3b

regional node involvement suspect mets

characteristics of cancer cells

nucleus is enlarged, surface enzymes aid in invasion & mets, loss of labeling antigens (self), ^rate of anaerobic metabolism, decreased inhibition (stop cell division when contacting another cell), defect in cell recognition & adhesion, loss of control in proliferation, increased mitotic index (large # of cells in mitosis), abnormal life span

Origin of cancer cell

monoclonal origin ( arising from a single cell), Proto-oncogenes ("on-switch" for cell growth), Tumor suppressor genes ("turn-off switch" for unneeded cell growth