Cancer PATHO Flashcards
(86 cards)
1
Q
Cellular regulation in cancer is
A
abnormal cellular growth
2
Q
Cellular proliferation
A
how quick a cell divides
3
Q
Differentiation
A
process by which a cell becomes specialized
4
Q
cellular development with blood cells starts with a stem cell. the stem cells would be considered the most _______ cell
A
immature
5
Q
Two types of leukocytes
A
Granulocytes and agranulocytes
6
Q
Function of leukocytes
A
infection and inflammation
7
Q
Most mature cells are
A
the end product with a specific function
8
Q
Too many red blood cells
A
Polycythemia
9
Q
Treatments for low RBC
A
iron - because it promotes RBC production
10
Q
Stem cells are created in the
A
bone marrow
11
Q
Low platelets are treated
A
Giving platelets
12
Q
Low hemoglobin can manifest as what symptom?
A
fatigue
13
Q
Low platelets are at risk for
A
bleeding
14
Q
Low leukocytes increase the risk of
A
infection
15
Q
The spleen is damaged this increases risk of
A
infection
16
Q
fungal pneumonia is almost always caused by someone on a
A
immunomodulator
17
Q
Methotrexate can
A
fucking ruin your life if you get cancer because it puts them at risk for opportunistic infections
18
Q
What is a blast crisis
A
big problem with blood cancer but a blast crisis is when their treatment isn’t working and they have immature cells. Bone marrow did not differentiate the base cells and then sent them to war in the body with water pistols
19
Q
hyperplasia means
A
increased number or density
20
Q
Metaplasia
A
replacement or change in a cell
21
Q
dysplasia
A
abnormal size, shape or appearance
22
Q
anaplasia
A
literally means to form “ass” backwards. This cell looks nothing like the original cell or what it is supposed to look like
23
Q
Neoplasm
A
new tissue that grows independently of the surrounding tissue (might not be cancer) just useless tissue
24
Q
Neoplasm classification of benign
A
25
Benign "LIES Beneath"
L - Localized growth
I - Inhibition by contact with other cells (doesn't grow when it bumps into another cell)
E - Encapsulated (defined border)
S- Slow growing and solid mass
B - behaves in its border
26
Malignant neoplasms "LAME"
L- Lacks contact inhabitation (I'll grow where I want)
A- Accelerated growth
M- Metastasis (will break off and go where it wants)
E- Escapes into other tissues
27
Proto oncogenes promote
Cell growth and division
28
A DNA change can cause a gene involved in normal cell growth to become ____ which can cause
"oncogenes" which can cause uncontrolled cell growth & division.
29
Epigenetics
Exposure to inflammation and irritation and genetics are can increase risk of getting cancer
30
How does cancer develop (3)
Initiation (Damage in the DNA/Exposure)
Promotion ( repeated stress)
Progression (cancer development)
31
Promotion phase
Repitition of repeated stress (sun, smoking, etc)
32
Progression phase is
Signs of the cancer causing issues
33
Oncogenes BRCA 1&2
are genes that promote cell proliferation and are capable of trigering cancer characteristics
34
Why do we care about BRCA 1&2
we can screen for these
35
someone who smokes their whole life and doesnt get cancer probably has
good tumor suppression genes
36
Viruses that can lead to cancer
HPV, H-pylori, Epstein bar (lymphoma)
37
Promotion
reversal proliferation of cells.
the key to this is prevention of risky lifestyle
38
what cancer does not make solid tumors
leukemia and multiple myeloma aka
Blood cancers
39
Metastatic cancer is
cancer that has spread from its origination to another place.
40
How do pathologists know that a tumor on the bone came from the breast
the tumor cells can vaguely look like the originating cells
41
Manifestations (symptoms) of cancer
symptoms are vague and depend on site in which cancer is. Think about dysfunction of that organ.
42
CAUTION common symptoms of cancer
C - Change of bladder or bowel (months of diarrhea)
A - A sore that does not heal
U - unusual bleeding or discharge
T - Thickened Lump
I - Indigestion
O - Obvious change in wart or mole
N - Nagging cough or hoarseness
43
Pancytopenia means
low in ALL the cells
44
Exemplar Cancers she wants us to know is Lung cancer (1/4 cancer deaths are from this). What are the two types
Small cell and Non small cell
45
Small cell cancer
fast growing and more deadly
46
Non small cel lung cancer
Slower growing and less deadly
47
Lymphoma types
Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma
48
What is lymphoma?
blood cancer that affect lymphocyte
49
Difference between hodgkin lymphoma and non
Reed-Sternberg cell (otherwise nothing according to allison)
50
Diagnostic Tests to confirm cancer
Biopsy
Imaging (PET scan, 3D screening, MRI and CT)
Serum evaluation (CBC, Tumor markers)
51
Types of biopsys to look for cancer
Pap smear, bronchoscopy, colonoscopy, bone marrow
52
Bone Marrow biopsy is preformed by
laying pt on side, big ass fucking needle. screw it into the bone. Probably get drugs or local anesthetic unless you like torture.
After have them lay on that side to stop the bleeding
53
PET scan with cancer treatment and what its used for
they eat sugar and the cancer loves that shit so they absorb it and show red when screened.
- can help with determining metastisixed or if treatment is workin
54
MRI and CT in cancer great for
Size of tumor
55
Staging and grading is determined after
a biopsy
56
Cancer can be classified by (4)
anatomic site, histology, grading , and extent of disease
57
G1
well differentiated
58
G2
Moderate
59
G3-G4
Looks fucked can barely tell what it looks like
60
Gx
cant be assessed
61
Grading in cancer means
what does the tumor loook like
62
TNM
most common staging system
T= primary tumor
N = Nodes or how big
M = metastasis
63
TNM
most common staging system
T= primary tumor
N = Nodes or how big
M = metastasis
64
TIS
abnormal cells but have not spread from parent cell
65
T1-4
How big is this fucker
66
Tx
cannot assess
67
Metastasis M0-1 or Mx
is it there or not or can it be assessed
68
PSA is
Prostate-Specific Antigen (tumor marker)
69
Serum evaluations for tumors (blood draw that are looked at for cancer)
PSA, Hb, Platelet. Basically a CBC with differential.
CA125 (blood test for ovarian), CEA carcinoma embryonic antigen colon cancer),
70
Tumor markers are used in conjunction with signs and symptoms to find
Cancer.
71
How does soft tissue cancer cause pain
Buy compressing under Roeding blood vessels, causing ulceration and necrosis
72
What is responsible for the majority of pain and cancer?
The interruption of tissue integrity
73
How does bone cancer cause pain
The physical compression
74
How would a nurse answer a client that asks how cancer moves from one place to another in the body?
Cancer cells enter the body is lymph system, and thereby spread to other parts of the body
75
Where does metastasis occur in the body?
Lymph channels, and the blood vessels
Also known as lymphatic and hematogenic spread
76
When a young child is diagnosed with bone cancer, that requires an aggressive treatment regimen what is the most significant threat to their future health?
Unwanted effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy
Fun facts: Chemotherapy drugs are not retained in the bone matrix and resistance is not a direct consequence of exposure early in life
77
What tumor suppressor genes are associated with genetics susceptibility to breast cancer
BRCA1 & BRCA2
BReast CAncer 1&2
78
What is the TP53 suppressor gene associated with?
Lung, breast, and colon cancer
79
Define growth fraction in cancer
The ratio of dividing cells to resting cells in a tissue mass
or otherwise, there are twice as many dividing cells as resting in a fraction 2/1
80
What is cachexia?
Mass is lost from both fat and skeletal muscle compartments.
In cancer anorexia primarily contributes to weight loss through starvation, but is primarily seen through the fat compartment
81
What cancer is the leading cause of cancer death?
Lung cancer
82
What is an advantage of chemotherapy over surgery and radiation?
It is able to treat cancer both at the primary site and the side of the metastasis
83
A Pap smear consists of and can test for what
Screening for cervical cancer consists of a microscopic examination of a slide for presence of abnormal cells.
It can also be used to test nipple drainage, anal washings, pleural and peritoneal, fluids, and gastric washings
84
Why do benign tumors have a fibrous capsule?
Because benign tumors have slow cell replication and growth. It makes the surrounding rim smooth.
85
What is the primary advantage of targeted cell therapy?
It uses drugs that selectively attack malignant cancer cells without causing harm to normal cells
86
What is paraneoplastic syndrome?
Also, known as syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion happens, when tumor is producing them up vasopressin causes a severe drop in sodium
