Cancer Principles and ILOs

Question 1

Cancer risk factors
- Non-modifiable

Answer 1

Cancer risk factors
- Non-modifiable

1. Genetic
   - Family history eg. FAP/HNPCC (Lynch)
   - Personal history
2. Hormonal
   - Breast/ovary/endometrium
3. Chronic disease
   - Infections (Cervix/Liver)
   - Inflammation (Crohn’s/UC)
4. Pollution
   - Skin/lung/bladder

Question 2

cancer risk factors
- modifiable

Answer 2

1. tobacco (lung, pancreas, liver, cervix, blood)
2. alcohol (oral, pharynx, larynx, oesophagus, liver, bowel, breast
3. weight (kidney, oesophagus, colon, breast, endometrium
4. physical activity
5. health eating (bowel, breast, prostate)

Question 3

Health promotion
- Definition

Answer 3

Health promotion definition

1. Process
2. Enabling people to increase control
   - Over health
   - Improve health

Question 4

MEN
types

Answer 4

• type 1 - pituitary, parathyroid and pancreas
• type 2 - thyroid gland (medullary), parathyroid gland or adrenal gland
  
  • 2B - marfanoid appearance, thickened lips, eyelid eversion, mucosal neuromas

Question 5

BRCA

Answer 5

• on chromosome 17 (BRCA 1) and 13 (BRCA2
• linked to breast and ovarian cancer
• BRCA 2 is associated with prostate cancer in men

Question 6

Lynch syndrome

Answer 6

• autosomal dominant
• colonic cancer and endometrial cancer at young age
• 80% chance

Question 7

familial adenomatous polyposis coli

Answer 7

• causes polyps to grow in large intestine
• almost all will develop colorectal cancer by age 40-50
• variant in APC gene

Question 9

referral pathway for cancer

Answer 9

• now - FDS (faster diagnosis standard)
  
  • 3 standards
  • 62 days referral to treatment
  • 31 days decision to treatment
  • FDS - diagnosis within 28 days

Question 10

what screening programmes are in the UK

Answer 10

• bowel
• breast
• cervical

Question 11

describe bowel cancer screening

Answer 11

• FIT testing
• 54-74 years
• 60-74 automatically sent test
• guides referral as well

Question 12

describe breast cancer screening

Answer 12

• 50-71 every 3 years
• if mammogram positive then refer for triple assessment
  
  • Hx+Ex, Mammogram/USS, biopsy

Question 13

describe cervical cancer screening

Answer 13

• offered to woman and people with a cervix
• age 25-64
• every 3 years from 25-49 and 5 years from 50-64
• smear test + test for HPV