Cancer Surgery

Question 1

Reasons for of cancer surgery

Answer 1

Diagnostic
Staging
Treatment
Reconstructive
Palliative
Resection

Question 2

What type of surgery cures primary cancer

Answer 2

Treatment

Question 3

What type of surgery cures metastasis and local recurrence

Answer 3

Resection

Question 4

Types of biopsy methods

Answer 4

Transcutaneous
Endoscopic
Laparoscopic
Image directed
Open incisional
Open exisional

Question 5

What is the difference between open incisional and open excisional biopsies

Answer 5

Incisional removes portion of tumour, excisionalremoves all of tumour

Question 6

Purpose of pre operative counselling and assessment

Answer 6

Assess risk benefit ratio
Identify and treat underlying health problems
Psychological preparation
Physical assessment

Question 7

Types of surgery

Answer 7

Local resection
Radical resection
Supra radical resection
Surgery for metastasis/recurrence
Surgical management of complications

Question 8

What is removed in a radical resection

Answer 8

Tumour + lymph nodes

Question 9

What is removed in a supra radical resection

Answer 9

Tumour + lymph nodes + organs

Question 10

Methods of cancer spread

Answer 10

Direct invasive
Lymphatics
Bloodstream
Implantation

Question 11

Purpose of pre operative staging

Answer 11

Determine treatment options

Question 12

Purpose of post operative histological staging

Answer 12

Prognostic info
Adjuvant therapy decisions
Compare treatment outcomes between centres

Question 13

What do the prefixes p c y and r mean before TMN stage

Answer 13

P = pathological state
C = clinical stage
Y = restated after therapy
R = restated after recurrence

Question 14

What type of cancer is classified using dukes classification

Answer 14

Colorectal

Question 15

When can radical surgery be used for cancer

Answer 15

When cancer is area/organ confined

Question 16

When surgery is used in combination with chemo/radiotherapy, which is used first

Answer 16

Either

Question 17

What is R0

Answer 17

Removal of all tissue containing the tumour with a margin of intact unaffected tissue

Question 18

Why might curative resection not be possible

Answer 18

Invasion of vital structure
Undetectable micrometastasis
Metastases that cannot be safely remives

Question 19

Principles of surgical resection of tumour

Answer 19

Adequate margin of resection
Prevention of tumour spillage
Minimal manipulation
Anatomical reconstruction

Question 20

Treatment of TMN T1 and 2 cancers

Answer 20

Radical surgery

Question 21

Treatment of TMN T3 cancer

Answer 21

Radical surgery +/- radio/chemo

Question 22

Treatment of TMN T4 cancer

Answer 22

Radical/palliative surgery + chemo/radio

Question 23

What type of adjuvant treatment is used alongside surgery in TMN N0 cancer

Answer 23

Nothing

Question 24

What type of adjuvant treatment is used alongside surgery in TMN N1/2 cancer

Answer 24

Adjuvant with curative intent

Question 25

What type of adjuvant treatment is used alongside surgery in TMN N3 cancer

Answer 25

Adjuvant with palliative intent

Question 26

How is metastasised cancer treated

Answer 26

Surgery + radio + chemo

Question 27

4 types of minimally invasive surgery

Answer 27

Hand assisted Laparoscopic Robot assisted Surgery through natural orifice

Question 28

How is more room created in the abdomen for laparoscopic surgery

Answer 28

Insufflation

Question 29

Anaesthetic surgical complications

Answer 29

Trauma to teeth/throat from intubation Drug reaction/allergy Aspiration of eosophageal/gastric contents Anaesthetic line complications Lung injury from high pressure ventilation Iontropes Electrolyte imbalance

Question 30

General surgery complications

Answer 30

Bleeding Infection UTI DVT/PE respiratory complications Scar/adhesion Neuropathy Psychological effects

Question 31

Purpose of palliative surgery

Answer 31

Pain control Relieve GI, airway, and biliary obstruction Stop haemorrhage Nutrition supplement Renal failure treatment Incontinence treatment

Question 32

What is prehabilitation

Answer 32

Increasing fitness of cancer patients before surgery to improve outcomes