cancers Flashcards
(31 cards)
which are the exceptions for metastises
basal cell carcinoma and glioma
which spread do tumours prefer
carcinoma prefers lymphatic spread
sarcoma- hematogenous
grading of cancers
g1; well differentiated
G2; moderately differentiated
g3- poorly differentiated-minimal resemblace
G4: undifferentiated -The histogenesis cannot be determined morphologically.these cells are often called anaplastic
Ratio between Paran Kaima and stromal tumour is if the tumour is made up of mainly stromal cells then we call it
f the tumour is made up of mainly stromal cells then we call it a scirrhous/cirrhotic tumour (very hard) due to the excess fibrous CT refer to it as desmoplasia and if mainly parenchymal we call it medullary tumour
The different growth of tumours
Exophytic
- fungating
- cystic
- polyps
- papillomas
and endophytic growth (growing inwards towards the inside)
- spherical (nodular tumours)
- ulcers
Growth of tumours can also be classified based on unicentric (one proliferative centre) and multicentric from several foci
immunohistochemical markers
we use monocolonal antibodies to identify specific proteins . an ab/ag complex is formed and a colour reagent stains (notebook)
It is a process which is used to determine the histogenesis of purely differentiated tumours and to prove the presence of certain receptors for example oestrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer.
cytokeratins- carcinomas(epithelial tumours)
vimenten -sarcomas (mesenchymal tumours)
Desmin-rhabomyosarcomas and leiomyosarcomase
HER 2 - breast carcinomas
S-100 AND HMB-45- melanomas
properies of papillomas
-benign
epithelial origin
finger like projections soft or firm grow exophytically base of the tumour consist of connective tissue with blood vessels originate from skin and originate from skin and mucous membranes
firm
often located on the skin and cause membranes and lined by multilayered squamous epithelium (mouth,larymx,pharynx)
soft:
Consist of thin fibro vascular core with thin-walled vessels and aligned by cylindrical, transitional or ciliated epithelium the thin branching Papillae can be easily injured and bleed and they grow quickly the papilloma of the urinary tract and lead to malignancy which are usually found at the neck of the bladder and trigone
grading of cancers
g1; well differentiated
G2; moderately differentiated
g3- poorly differentiated-minimal resemblace
G4: undifferentiated -The histogenesis cannot be determined morphologically.these cells are often called anaplastic
Ratio between Paran Kaima and stromal tumour is if the tumour is made up of mainly stromal cells then we call it
f the tumour is made up of mainly stromal cells then we call it a scirrhous/cirrhotic tumour (very hard) due to the excess fibrous CT and if mainly parenchymal we call it medullary tumour
The different growth of tumours
Exophytic
- fungating
- cystic
- polyps
- papillomas
and endophytic growth (growing inwards towards the inside)
- spherical (nodular tumours)
- ulcers
Growth of tumours can also be classified based on unicentric (one proliferative centre) and multicentric from several foci
immunohistochemical markers
we use monocolonal antibodies to identify specific proteins . an ab/ag complex is formed and a colour reagent stains (notebook)
It is a process which is used to determine the histogenesis of purely differentiated tumours and to prove the presence of certain receptors for example oestrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer.
cytokeratins- carcinomas(epithelial tumours)
vimenten -sarcomas (mesenchymal tumours)
Desmin-rhabomyosarcomas and leiomyosarcomase
HER 2 - breast carcinomas
properies of papillomas
-benign
epithelial origin
finger like projections soft or firm grow exophytically base of the tumour consist of connective tissue with blood vessels originate from skin and originate from skin and mucous membranes
firm
often located on the skin and cause membranes and lined by multilayered squamous epithelium (mouth,larymx,pharynx)
soft:
Consist of thin fibro vascular core with thin-walled vessels and aligned by cylindrical, transitional or ciliated epithelium the thin branching Papillae can be easily injured and bleed and they grow quickly the papilloma of the urinary tract and lead to malignancy which are usually found at the neck of the bladder and trigone
types of adenomas
cystic-cyst like dilation of the glands
tubular
papillary adenomas -finger like projections towards the cavity
alveolar adenomas -numerous bubbles
gastric carcinoma page 127
comprises of over 90% of all gastric malignant tumours. men 40-60 are more l ikely to get it .
stomach begins with precancerous changes
1,atrophic gastritis
2. adenomatous polyps
3.chronic gastric ulcer
early and adavanced gastric carcinoma
types of gastric
- ulcerative carcinoma-most common -gastric canal
- fungating carcinoma- fundus
- scirrhous carcinoma -stomach wall is thickend so lumen of stomach is redcued
- colloid (mucoid, gelatinous) carcimona - large quantities of mucus secreted
vrihchows gland
involved in metastitsis and example of retrograde metastisis( left supraclavicular node)
names of metastatasis to the ovaries and pararectal
krukenberg tumour
shnitslers
adenocarcinoma of lungs
most common lung carcinoma affecting womne
slow grwoing unlike squamous cell
further divided into 4 groups
Lung adenocarcinoma is usually located more along the outer edges of the lungs. Lung adenocarcinoma tends to grow more slowly than other lung cancers.
- acinar
- papiallary
- bronchiole-alveolar
- solid carcinoma
Which cell type of cancer is prone to massive necrosis and cavitation squeamish cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
squamous cell in lungs
it’s identified microscopically by these intercellular bridges or keratinisation keratin pearls
types of adenocarcinomas in lungs 129
PABS
.acinar
- papiallary
- bronchiole-alveolar
- solid carcinoma
carcinoma of the endometrium
its an adenocarcinoma
most common invasive cancer of the female genital tract
uncommon in young women under 40 most common incidnece is 55 -65 years old
2 general groups: localised polypoid tumour or a diffuse tumour involving the entire endometrial surface
eventually spread to the lypmph nodes and also could sporead to the blood
carcinoma of prostate
4 types
- occult–patient has no symptoms but shows evidence of metastasis on clinical examination
- latent- found unexpectedly in autopsies
- clinical - type detected by rectal examination and biopsies of the prostate
- incidental- when you do prosectomes
Macroscopically the prostate may be enlarged normal size or even smaller than usual in 9 5% of the cases the prostate is located peripheral zone especiial in the posterior lobe
firm and fibrous
can spread both routes
theories of cancer how many do we have
5 theories
- viral genetic theory
- polyetiologic
- dysontogenetic theory
- mutation theory of cancer
- physiochemical
carcinogens groups
- physical
- biological
- hormonal
- chemical
