Canine Renal And Urinary Diseases

Question 1

What are kidneys

Answer 1

Special filter system for the body

Question 2

Function of the kidneys

Answer 2

Remove waste product from blood and process urine
Help control body’s blood pressure
Produces EPO which stimulates RBC production

Question 3

What are the three important kidney values

Answer 3

BUN, SDMA, creatinine

Question 4

What is acute kidney injury

Answer 4

Sudden decline in kidney function usually resulted from a nephrotoxin/kidney injury

Question 5

What are the nephrotoxins that cause acute kidney injury
What are other common causes of AKI

Answer 5

Ethylene glycol, Raisins, Rodenticides
Trauma, shock, leptospirosis

Question 6

Important clinical signs of AKI

Answer 6

Renomegaly which is enlarged kidneys
Polyuria or polydipsia
Decreased/ absent urination
Oral ulcerations

Question 7

What will you see in the bloodwork if a patient has AKI

Answer 7

Azotemia which is increased BUN and Creatinine
Hyperkalemia
Hypercalcemia which is caused from rodenticides
Hypocalcemia which is caused from ethylene glycol toxicity

Question 8

What will you see in the radiographs of a patient with AKI

Answer 8

Renomegaly which is enlarged kidneys

Question 9

How do you treat AKI

Answer 9

IV fluids
Monitor blood pressure
Additional treatment depending on the underlying cause

Question 10

What is the causative agent of giant kidney worm

Answer 10

Diotophyme renale

Question 11

How is giant kidney work contracted

Answer 11

When the definitive host eats larvae from raw fish or frogs

Question 12

What does giant kidney worm typically affect

Answer 12

The right kidney more but it can still parasitize both

Question 13

Important clinical signs of giant kidney worm

Answer 13

Hematria which is blood urine
Pollakiuria which is small frequent urination
Weight loss and renal or abdominal pain

Question 14

How do you diagnose giant kidney worm

Answer 14

Eggs found in urine sediment
Ultrasound which usually shows hydronephrosis which is large fluid killed kidney
Exploratory surgery in abdomen and kidney

Question 15

How do you treat giant kidney worm

Answer 15

Unilateral nephrectomy

Question 16

What is the function of the bladder

Answer 16

Stores and excretes urine

Question 17

What are bladder stones

Answer 17

Uroliths or stones in the urinary tract that occurs from minerals crystallizing in concentrated urine

Question 18

What types of bladder stones will not show up in x ray

Answer 18

Cystine and urate

Question 19

What is the most common type of bladder stone

Answer 19

Struvite stones

Question 20

What are struvite stones usually associated with

Answer 20

Urinary tract infections (primarily staphlococcus)

Question 21

What are important clinical signs of struvite stones

Answer 21

Hematuria
Pollakiuria
Stranguria which is straining to urinate

Question 22

How do you diagnose struvite stones

Answer 22

Abdominal radiographs
A radiopaque you can see
Usually smooth and round shape

Question 23

How do you treat struvite stones

Answer 23

Cystotomy which is when you open the bladder and remove the stones
Dissolution diets
Antibiotics for UTI

Question 24

What is the second most common stone type

Answer 24

Calcium oxalate stones

Question 25

How can you diagnose calcium oxalate stones

Answer 25

Abdominal radiographs Can see radiopaque Shape of stones can vary from spiculated to smooth

Question 26

How do you treat calcium oxalate stones

Answer 26

Cystonomy NOT dissolvable with diet

Question 27

What are urate stones typically caused from

Answer 27

A defect in uric acid metabolism

Question 28

How do you diagnose urate stones

Answer 28

Abdominal ultrasound Abdominal radiographs CANT see radiolucent

Question 29

How do you treat urate stones

Answer 29

Cystotomy Dissolution diet (low purine) Allopurinol which helps dissolve stones and prevents them from coming back

Question 30

What should you always do with stones

Answer 30

Send them in for analysis

Question 31

What is transitional cell carcinoma

Answer 31

Bladder stones Cancer of the epithelial origin rising from bladder parenchyma Most commonly occurs in trigone region

Question 32

Important clinical signs of transitional cell carcinoma

Answer 32

Pollakiuria, hematuria, and stanguria

Question 33

How do you diagnose transitional cell carcinoma

Answer 33

Abdominal ultrasound where you can see a mass in trigone region and the bladder wall thickens

Question 34

How do you diagnose transitional cell carcinoma

Answer 34

Cadet BRAF testing

Question 35

How do you treat transitional cell carcinoma

Answer 35

Chemotherapy Surgery not typically recommended

Question 36

What is urinary incontinence

Answer 36

Involuntary lack of urine control

Question 37

In what dogs do you typically see urinary incontinence

Answer 37

Older, spayed female dogs because of a USMI but Can also effect young dogs

Question 38

What is a urethras sphincter mechanism incompetence USMI

Answer 38

Lack of sex hormones that results in a weak urethral sphincter muscle

Question 39

What are important clinical signs of urinary incontinence

Answer 39

Urine dribbling and puddles during rest

Question 40

How do you diagnose urinary incontinence

Answer 40

Diagnose of exclusion ( you can rule out urinary disease with bloodwork and urinalysis Cystoscopy or a CT scan

Question 41

How do you treat urinary incontinence

Answer 41

Proin which increases urethral sphincter tone estriol which is short acting estrogen which increases sensitivity of urethral sphincter muscle to increase tone