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Cardiovascular Diseases Of Dogs And Cats Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Which direction do arteries flow

A

Away from the heart
Blood carried to lungs to be oxygenated

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2
Q

Which direction veins flow

A

Toward the heart
Oxygenated blood is brought back to the heart to go to the rest of the body

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3
Q

What is a diastole

A

Filling of the ventricle

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4
Q

What is a systole

A

Contraction of the ventricle

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5
Q

True or false: blood flows in one direction through the heart

A

True

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6
Q

What is a normal sound for the heart

A

Lub dub which is created by opening and closing of the valves in the heart

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7
Q

Where is the heart heard best

A

Apical impulse which is felt in the left side of the thorax

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8
Q

How should you asses the heart

A

Listen on both sides of the chest

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9
Q

What is the most common abnormal heart sound

A

A heart murmur which indicates underlying heart disease

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10
Q

What do cats commonly have in relation to heart abnormalities and what is this caused by

A

Functional murmurs caused by stress

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11
Q

What is a heart murmur

A

Turbulent blood flow where blood is flowing in multiple directions which causes vibrations heard with the stethoscope
Makes a whoosh sound

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12
Q

How can you best hear a heart murmur

A

Point maximal intensity

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13
Q

How can heart murmurs best be described

A

By their location, timing, and loudness

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14
Q

What does a heart murmur grade describe

A

Loudness or the heart

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15
Q

What does the grade of the heart murmur not correlate with

A

Severity of the disease

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16
Q

Grade 1 heart murmur

A

Very soft murmur, not immediately audible

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17
Q

Grade 2

A

Soft murmur noted with careful auscultation

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18
Q

Grade 3

A

Moderate murmur immediately audible

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19
Q

Grade 4

A

Loud murmur without thrill

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20
Q

Grade 5

A

Loud murmur with palpable thrill

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21
Q

Grade 6

Study These Flashcards
A

Audible with stethoscope off the chest wall

22
Q

Mitral valve degeneration is what

Study These Flashcards
A

Degenerative disturbance of connective tissue of the mitral valve leading to heart disease
Most common cardiac disease

23
Q

What does MVD lead to

Study These Flashcards
A

Mitral valve regurgitation resulting in cardiac volume overload
The heart will not be able to keep up and cause heart failure

24
Q

When is MVD most common

Study These Flashcards
A

In smaller breeds or older dogs
Increases with age

25
Clinical signs of MVD
Left sided apical systolic murmur Increased respiratory rate (tachypnea) or difficulty breathing (dyspnea)
26
How can you diagnose MVD
Auscultation Radiographs where you see left atrial enlargement or cardiomegaly Echocardiogram which is left atrial and ventricular size increase
27
How can you treat MVD
Monitor for changes that suggest progression with heart failure Pimobendan (vetmedin) which is a positive ionotrope that helps pump blood more efficiently and reduces the rate of change the heart size will increase
28
What is dilated cardiomyopathy
Hear disease where there is impaired, weakened systolic function of one or both ventricles It causes cardiac enlargement and possible CHF arrhythmias or both
29
What is DCM associated with
Diets such as grain free or in cats with a taurine deficiency
30
Who does DCM usually affect more
Dogs especially Dobermans Usually males more than females Adult onset disease is 4-10 years
31
Clinical signs of DCM
Many may not have clinical signs Cardiac arrhythmias Syncope which is temporary loss of consciousness due to low blood flow Soft grade 1-3 systolic left and/ or right apical murmur
32
How do you diagnose DCM
Suspected based on predisposed breeds with heart murmurs or arrhythmias Radiographs where you may see cardiomegaly or enlarged atriums Electrocardiogram where you may see sinus or ventricular tachycardia Echocardiogram where you may see ventricular and atrial dilation
33
Treatment of DCM
Anti arrhythmias like digoxin Pimobendan (vetmedin) ACE inhibitors that lower blood pressure
34
What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Hear disease that is characterized by increased ventricular wall thickness (commonly left)
35
What does HCM result in
Altered contractions and relaxation as it pumps blood Increase risk of thromboembolism
36
When is HCM most common
In older cats
37
Clinical signs of HCM
Usually none but can be found on physical exam Systolic murmur Arrhythmias
38
How can you diagnose HCM
Pro BNP which assesses for heart muscle damage Echocardiogram where you may see increased inter ventricular septum thickness or left ventricular thickness ECG where you may see possible ventricular premature complexes Radiographs where you may see cardiomegaly
39
How do you treat HCM
ACE inhibitors Clopidogrel which can break down clots or prevent them Monitor signs for heart failure
40
What is patent ductus arteriosus
Arterial shunt between aorta and pulmonary artery present in the fetuses but should constrict and close 24 hours after birth Most common congenital heart defect
41
Who does PDA usually affect the most
Young dogs
42
Clinical signs of PDA
Usually found incidentally Continuous heart murmur Exercise intolerance or failure to thrive
43
How can you diagnose PDA
Radiographs where you may see enlarged aorta or enlarged left side of the heart Echocardiogram where you may see patent ductus
44
Treatment for PDA
Surgery where you will do a PDA closure with ductal occluder or vessel ligation with thoracotomy
45
What is congestive heart failure
Sudden onset of clinical signs associated with pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs) or cavity effusions due to heart diseases
46
Why does CHF usually occur
Pressure within the veins and capillaries drain into the diseased side of the heart to the point where the vessels leak
47
What do you see in right sided CHF
Ascites or pleural effusion
48
What do you see in left sided CHF
Pulmonary edema
49
Clinical signs of CHF
Tachypnea and dyspnea Cough Pulmonary crackles Decreased breath sounds Exercise intolerance Restlessness Heart murmurs
50
How can you diagnose CHF for the right side
Radiographs where you may see decreased serosal detail or pleural effusion
51
How can you diagnose CHF on the left side
Radiographs where you may see pulmonary edema in perihilar region or left atrial enlargement
52
How can you treat CHF
Furosemide which is a diuretic to treat fluid retention Oxygen therapy ACE inhibitors

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