Cannabinoids

Question 1

cannabinoids

Answer 1

the 80 plus compounds that are unique to cannabis sativa

Question 2

What is the most active molecule in the hemp plant?

Answer 2

delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

Question 3

Function of THC

Answer 3

protects plants from herbivores and UV light

Question 4

Order of most to least resin found in plant

Answer 4

flowering tops > leaves > fibrous stalks

Question 5

What part of the plant is used to create hemp?

Answer 5

the stalks

Question 6

potency varies based on ____

Answer 6

the part of the plant used

Question 7

hashish

Answer 7

pure resin, 10% - 15% THC

Question 8

ganja/sinsemilla

Answer 8

tops of non-pollinated female plants, 5-10% THC

Question 9

bhang

Answer 9

remain of plant follwing the removal of top leaves < 1% THC

Question 10

Behavioral effects of THC

Answer 10

• inebriant
• euphoriant
• exitant (increased talking)
• hypnotic

Question 11

low/moderate doses of THC

Answer 11

• relaxation
• increased talkativeness
• reduced coordination
• disruption in attention & cognitive function
• altered sense of time and space

Question 12

high doses of THC

Answer 12

• hallucinatiosn & delusions
• impaired memory
• disorientation

Question 13

TCH is the ___ most popular drug

Answer 13

3rd (behind alcohol & nicotine)

Question 14

oral administration

Answer 14

slow absroption, highly variable, long duration of action than other routes

Question 15

Why does oral administration of cannibnoids produce highly variable effects?

Answer 15

its difficult to regulate the dose

Question 16

smoking cannibinoids

Answer 16

fast absorbtion

Question 17

Why is smoking cannabis potentially more harmful than smoking tobacco?

Answer 17

• higher toxin level than tobacoo

- smoke is held in for a long time

Question 18

Why is distriubtion of THC uneven?

Answer 18

it has high lipid solubility

Question 19

Where is THC metabolized?

Answer 19

the liver

Question 20

delta9-THC is broken down into _______

Answer 20

11-hydroxy-delta9-THC

Question 21

How does THC and its metabolite compare?

Answer 21

the activity is approximatley equivalent

Question 22

cannabidol

Answer 22

-a metbolite of THC –prolongs duration of action of delta9-THC, -blocks liver enzymes

Question 23

Half-life of THC

Answer 23

approx 30hrs, but traces of delta9-THC and active metabolites can persist from days to weeks due to high lipid solubility

Question 24

What allowed researchers to map the location of cannabinoid receptors in the brain?

Answer 24

radiolabeled cannabinoids

Question 25

Are cannabinoid receptors metabotropic or ionotropic?

Answer 25

metabotropic

Question 26

CB1 receptor

Answer 26

- located in the nervous system - 100x more concentrated than opiate receptors - most common metabotropic receptor

Question 27

CB2 receptor

Answer 27

- primarily located on immune cells (T & B cells) | - low levels in CNS

Question 28

CB1 receptors are highly concentrated in areas involved in:

Answer 28

- mood & memory - movement - pain processing

Question 29

mood and memory

Answer 29

frontal cortex, hippocampus

Question 30

movement

Answer 30

cerebellum & basal ganglia

Question 31

pain processing

Answer 31

spinal chord, PNS, peri-aquaductal grey

Question 32

CB1 receptors are in low concentrations in areas controlling:

Answer 32

vegetative functions

Question 33

vegetative functions

Answer 33

brain stem

Question 34

Cannabinoid receptor action

Answer 34

- inhibits adenylate cyclase - close Ca2+ channels - open K+ channels

Question 35

examples of endocannabinoids

Answer 35

anadamide, 2-AG, PEA, noladin ether

Question 36

2-AG

Answer 36

2-arachidonoylglycerol

Question 37

PEA

Answer 37

palmitoylethanolamine

Question 38

endocannabinoid synthesis/storage

Answer 38

- not stored in vesicles | - synthesized on demaned from membrane phospholipids

Question 39

how is endocannabinoid signaling stopped?

Answer 39

enzymatic degradation

Question 40

endocannabinoids are _____ messengers

Answer 40

retrograde

Question 41

retrograde messenger

Answer 41

- synthesized & released by postsynpatic neuron | - acts presynaptically

Question 42

retrograde signaling in endocannabinoids

Answer 42

close Ca2+ channels, thus decreasing GABA release and increasing pyramidal cell activity

Question 43

disinhibition

Answer 43

inibiting an inhibitor

Question 44

GABAa

Answer 44

ionotropic

Question 45

GABAb

Answer 45

metabotropic

Question 46

triadic configuration

Answer 46

input from excitatory projectionto dendritic spine, inhibitory input onto dendrite, postsynaptic side of dendritic spine inputs to excitatory projection and inhibitory projection

Question 47

activation of mGlu1 on pyramidal neuron:

Answer 47

- results in production of endocannabinoids - these endocannabinoids interact with the inhibitory GABA neuron - endocannabinoid interacting with CB1 receptors on GABA neuron closes calcium channels so less GABA is released

Question 48

lower 2-AG levels

Answer 48

GABA release is inhibited and glutamtae release is unaffected; this is the basis for long term plasticity/learning

Question 49

higher 2-AG levels

Answer 49

GABA and glutamate release are inhibited, impaired learning

Question 50

Why does THC impair memory?

Answer 50

its the same as having high 2-AG levels, CB1 receptors on both the GABAergic neuron and the glutamatergic neuron are activated, resulted in impaired release of GABA and glutamate

Question 51

marinol

Answer 51

dronabinol; synthetic THC, an appetite stimulant and antiemetic (reduces vomiting)

Question 52

Sativex

Answer 52

derived from the plant (THC & CBD),

Question 53

What is Sativex used to treat?

Answer 53

- a mouth spray used to treat neuropathic main and spaticity in MS - cancer pain

Question 54

rimonabant

Answer 54

- CB1 agonist - used to treat obesity (Europe) - ultimatley dropped due to side effects

Question 55

drug x gene interaction in THC-induced psychosis

Answer 55

when one is homozygous for Val/Val, cannabis use results in increased risk of developing schizophreniform disorder