Hallucinogens

Question 1

What are the 7 hallucinogenic drugs?

Answer 1

• mescaline
• psilocybin
• dimethyltryptamine/5-methoxy-dimethyltryptamine
• LSD
• salcinorin A
• PCP
• ketamine

Question 2

Effects of hallucinogenic drugs

Answer 2

• proudce unusual perceptual & cognitive distortions

- produce these effects without producing a state of toxic delirium

Question 3

source of mesaceline

Answer 3

found in cactus, like peyote, in the US southwest and northern Mexico

Question 4

mescal button/peyote button

Answer 4

crown of cactus is cut off and dried

Question 5

psilocybin source

Answer 5

• certain mushrooms produce alkaloids with hallucinogenic properties
• dried mushrooms are eaten raw or cooked or made into tea

Question 6

psychoactive agent in psilocybin

Answer 6

psyilocygin is converted to psilocin, which is the actual psycoactive agent

Question 7

Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert

Answer 7

Harvard professors experimented with psilocybin and LSD and helped popularize these drugs

Question 8

ayahuasca

Answer 8

a drink made from plants containing dimethyltryptamine or 5-methoxy-dimethyltryptamine

Question 9

DMT full name

Answer 9

dimethyltryptamine

Question 10

5-MeO-DMTfull name

Answer 10

5-methoxy-dimethyltyrptamine

Question 11

US form of DMT

Answer 11

sold in powdered form and smoked

Question 12

orally active synthetic DMT analogs

Answer 12

• alphamethyltryptamine (AMT)

- 5-methoxy-diisopropyltryptamine (foxy methoxy, foxy)

Question 13

LSD full name

Answer 13

lysergic acid diethylamide

Question 14

source of LSD

Answer 14

-synthesized from ergot, a parasitic fungus on rye

Question 15

functional uses of ergot

Answer 15

• produces powerful contractions of the uterus

- reduce post-birth uterine hemorrhage

Question 16

psycholytic therapy

Answer 16

low dose LSD; drug induced psycholysis (psychic loosening/opening)

Question 17

psychedelic therapy

Answer 17

high dose LSD in hopes of gaining insight into one’s problems

Question 18

The CIA investigated LSD as a potential

Answer 18

psychological weapon

Question 19

LSD production for illicit use

Answer 19

• droplets containing single-dose units of LSD dissolved in water are applied to a sheet of paper and dried
• paper is divided into individual tabs

Question 20

Where does Salvinorin A come from?

Answer 20

• a member of the mint family
• native to Mexico
• historically used in religous rituals by shamans

Question 21

How is Salvinorin A taken? Why?

Answer 21

• leaves are chewed or extracts re made
• absorbed through the mouth or smoked
• inactivated by the GI tract

Question 22

Potency range of hallucinogens

Answer 22

LSD (most potent) to mesacline (least potent)

Question 23

How long after ingestion do the effects of hallucinogens generally begin?

Answer 23

30-90min after ingestion

Question 24

How long to the effects of LSD last?

Answer 24

6 - 12hrs

Question 25

Time span of effects of DMT and Salvia

Answer 25

- felt within a few seconds - peak over few minutes - gone within an hour

Question 26

What are the serotonin-like (indoleamine) hallucinogens?

Answer 26

LSD, psilocybin, psilocin, DMT and 5-MeO-DMT

Question 27

What are the catecholamine-like (phenethylamine) hallucinogens?

Answer 27

mescaline, TMA and DOM

Question 28

What drug is known as a neoclerodane diterpene?

Answer 28

salvinorin A

Question 29

Which serotonin receptors play a centrol role in halluctinations?

Answer 29

5-HT-2A and 5-HT-2C

Question 30

Where is there a high density of 5-HT-2A and 5-HT-2C receptors?

Answer 30

PFC and anterior cingulate cortex

Question 31

How many 5-HT receptor types are there? Subtypes?

Answer 31

7 types, 14 subtypes

Question 32

All 5-HT receptors are _____, except for ____

Answer 32

metabotropic; 5-HT-3 (its ionotropic)

Question 33

disruption of pyramidal neurons and hallucinogens

Answer 33

- pyramidal cells in layer V are directly stimulated by activation of 5-HT2A receptors and also by glutamate released from other neurons - this activation disrupts the function of glutamateric networks in the PFC - interferes with filtering of sensory info resulting in over-excitation

Question 34

What drug is a k-opoid receptor agonist?

Answer 34

salvinorin A

Question 35

What contributes to the lack of abuse potential in hallucinogenic drugs?

Answer 35

- no withdrawal symptoms | - not effective reinforcers

Question 36

When can dependence to halluinogens occur?

Answer 36

if the individual is exposed to the drugs at an early age

Question 37

Why do hallucinogens produce a rapid tolerance with repated use?

Answer 37

down-regulation of 5-HT-2A receptors occurs

Question 38

pharmacodynamic tolerance

Answer 38

tolerance to the behavioral effects of the drug

Question 39

bad trip

Answer 39

injestion of hallucinogen induced acute anxiety or panic; related to current emotional state and external environment

Question 40

flashbacks

Answer 40

re-experiencing hallucinations after drug use has stopped

Question 41

hallucinogen persisting perception disorder

Answer 41

when flashbacks from hallucinogen use are persisent

Question 42

psychotic reaction

Answer 42

involves individuals who had already been diagnosed with a psychotic disorder or who had pre-symptomatic symptoms before drug used