Cannabis - Marijuana

Question 1

What does hemp refer to?

Answer 1

the plant fibers used for material items, NOT the drug

Question 2

_____ comes from the leafy greens and ____ comes from the plant resin

Answer 2

marijuana ; hashish

Question 3

“dronabinol” is the name for what?

Answer 3

generic name - medical marijuana

Question 4

Is hemp psychoactive?

Answer 4

no

Question 5

_____ is a very different kind of plant, that particularly targets pain relief

Answer 5

dronabinol

Question 6

Synthetic alternatives of cannabinioids (K2 or Spice) emerged from scientific research that was meant to study the effects of what? What do these alternatives exhibit?

Answer 6

effects of the drug on receptors

exhibit stimulant and hallucinogenic properties - FULL AGONIST

Question 7

Synthetic Cannabinoids are full agonists, they are much more ____ and induce real _____

Answer 7

potent; hallucinations

Question 8

In phytocannabinoids, such as tetrahydrocannabinol, the ____ are active.

Answer 8

metabolites (cannabinol and cannabidiol)

Question 9

11-hydroxy-9-THC is formed in the ____ from ____ - it is the most active metabolite

Answer 9

liver from THC

Question 10

tetrahydrocannabinol is highly ___-soluble, however the molecule is ____ bound

Answer 10

lipid ; protein

Question 11

With addition to tetrahydrocannabinol, there are other cannabinoid ingredients that exist, however they are not as psychoactive. Why?

Answer 11

they seem to potentiate or interact with TCH

Question 12

Which drug is “more potent”, hashish or marijuana?

Answer 12

hashish - but remember, effects are dose-dependant!

Question 13

What is the problem with potency of modern cannabinoids?

Answer 13

modern streams show variable and higher concentrations of active compounds: 2% in 80’s compared to 8-20% in 2000’s

Question 14

What are the three dose dependent effects you see with cannabinoid use?

Answer 14

“buzz” –> “high” –> “stoned”

Question 15

When you are “stoned”, you are considered ______ surpressed

Answer 15

cognitively

Question 16

During inhalation, how much of the THC is released into the smoke? What affects absorption?

Answer 16

only 50%

time held in lungs affects absorption - only 20% is usually absorbed

Question 17

_____ _____: second hand inhalation can result in psychoactive levels

Answer 17

contact high - little evidence that this is actually a possibility in social situations

Question 18

During ingestion, first-pass metabolism deactivates __%

Answer 18

50%

Question 19

How much do you need to eat compared to inhalation?

Answer 19

the metabolites are less psychoactive, so you need to have 3x more to achieve the comparable high to inhalation

Question 20

How long does it take for cannabinoids to start working and how long to they last for when you inhale vs ingest?

Answer 20

inhalation = 1 minute to feel effects and 2/4 hours it lasts

ingestion = 1 hour to feel effects and lasts for 4-6 hours

Question 21

Ingestion of cannabinoids leads to long-term pharmacological action (for about 7 days), how does this work?

Answer 21

highly lipid soluble, so it is stored in body-fat and is detectable for a couple days after termination of use

Question 22

Cannabinoids have partial agonism from the _______ system

Answer 22

endocannabinoid

Question 23

In the endocannabinoid system that is responsible for partial agonism, what are the two neurotransmitters?

Answer 23

anadamide

2-AG (subtype of serotonin)

Question 24

What are the two metabotropic receptors involved in partial agonism?

Answer 24

CB1 and CB2

Question 25

What is the metabotropic receptor CB1 from the endocannabinoid system responsible for?

Answer 25

``` motor inhibition mood elevation psychosis memory cognition, pain relief appetite ```

Question 26

CB1 has a stimulating effect that increases ____ in nucleus accumbens (?)

Answer 26

dopamine

Question 27

____ _____ molecule: modulates release of neurotransmitter, reducing firing rate. What effect might this have?

Answer 27

retrograde NT calming effect

Question 28

CB2 is manufactured in the _____ and is ____-facilitative (glial cells)

Answer 28

hippocampus ; immuno

Question 29

CB2 have a lack of ______ - what is this correlated with?

Answer 29

2-AG : correlated with bowel cancer

Question 30

Cancer has __ receptors, that when triggered causes apoptosis

Answer 30

CB2 - this response was the "Kronk pull the lever" response we talked about

Question 31

Behavioural effects of delta-9-THC is _____ dependant

Answer 31

dose

Question 32

How does delta-9-THC affect motor coordination and reaction time at low doses?

Answer 32

increases motor activity and decreases coordination

Question 33

How does delta-9-THC affect motor coordination and reaction time at high doses?

Answer 33

decreases motor activity and increases in reaction time - compensatory reactions to disruptions in vigilance

Question 34

"persistent lack of motivation to engage in productive activities"

Answer 34

amotivational syndrome

Question 35

T/F: Cannabis makes effortful tasks seem less effortful

Answer 35

true

Question 36

Cognitive effects of delta-9-THC are ____ dependant

Answer 36

dose

Question 37

delta-9-THC causes what type of impairment?

Answer 37

short-term memory

Question 38

cognitive effects of delta-9-THC at low doses?

Answer 38

memory deficits with no attention impairment

Question 39

cognitive effects of delta-9-THC at high doses?

Answer 39

memory, reasoning, and attention impairment

Question 40

During what phase of the high is perception of time accelerated? What is this caused by

Answer 40

"stoned" phase - reduction in blood flow to the cerebellum

Question 41

What is the "flight of ideas" phase of being high?

Answer 41

spontaneous, seemingly random ideas - subjectively reported as racing thoughts

Question 42

Long-term effects - what is the "Gateway" theory?

Answer 42

that marijuana use will lead to illicit drug use

Question 43

what is the correlated vulnerabilities theory?

Answer 43

that drug use is accounted for by the users characteristics - some people are more vulnerable to drug use

Question 44

Long term effects when compared to non-users?

Answer 44

verbal fluency & divided attention - these are perseverating

Question 45

Intellectual impairment reversed with ______

Answer 45

abstinence

Question 46

What happens with early onset heavy use of cannabinoids?

Answer 46

severe verbal IQ deficits

Question 47

Individuals who use cannabinoids for long term put themselves at a 40% higher chance for what?

Answer 47

schizophrenia GAD depression *younger age of onset increases risk

Question 48

Individuals who use cannabinoids for long term put themselves at a 40% higher chance for schizophrenia, GAD, and depression. This results from changes in what?

Answer 48

dopaminergic pathway , NOT changes to endocannabinoid system

Question 49

8 week in lab study on cannabinoid tolerance. Given free access to joints, how many did people request on day 1 compared to day 21?

Answer 49

Day 1 - 1 per day | Day 21 - 19 per day

Question 50

During the 8 week in lab study on cannabinoid tolerance, what did participants complain about, and what did this imply?

Answer 50

complained joints were becoming weak - they demonstrated suspiciousness, paranoid, agitated, withdrawn, and depressed activity - this implies downregulation of receptors

Question 51

During the 8 week in lab study on cannabinoid tolerance, what did participants demonstrate after week 5 and 6?

Answer 51

Week 5: irritability, uncooperativeness, resistance, and hostility, appetite suppression, insomnia Week 6: symptoms dissipated

Question 52

Cannabis dependence is defined by DSM-V s meeting the criteria of substance dependence, and you are said to have cannabis withdrawal syndrome if you display at least three symptoms. Name some.

Answer 52

irritability, anger/aggression, anxiety, depressed mood, | difficulty sleeping, decreased physical symptoms

Question 53

"nausea, vomiting, and colicky abdominal pain as a result of (weekly) cannabis use"

Answer 53

cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome - this syndrome focuses on abdominal pain

Question 54

long term marijuana use can influence how your body deals with _____ ______

Answer 54

circadian rhythms

Question 55

What are the potential mechanisms (2) for the cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome?

Answer 55

(1) hypersensitivity / deregulation of cannabinoid receptors in the hypothalamus (2) cannabinoid toxicity as a result of buildup in tissue - explains temporal onset and abdominal pain

Question 56

Delta-9-THC low toxicity has no reported overdose. However, it can cause?

Answer 56

heart attack

Question 57

Dronabinol, 30 mg/kg, is enough to cause what?

Answer 57

- lethargy - decreased motor coordination - slurred speech - postural hypotension

Question 58

Different cannabinoids result in different effects. What was found when comparing users of CBD + THC, users of THC, and non-users?

Answer 58

- higher incidence of hallucination/delusions in users of THC - no difference between non-users and users of CBD + THC because CBD is anxiety reducing (serotonin)