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Biology3011 > Cap 4 Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cap 4 Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Cells were first observed using a microscope in 1665 by?

A

Robert Hooke

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2
Q

Early studies of cells were conducted by? They proposed the Cell Theory

A

Mathias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

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3
Q

What is the Cell theory?

A

All organisms are composed of cells
They are the smallest living things (unidad básica de la vida )
They arise from pre -existing cells ( procariotas)

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4
Q

Que es anaerobico?

A

Que no tiene oxígeno

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5
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Higher concentration to lower concentration

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6
Q

Most cells are relatively smalll due to what?

A

A reliance on diffusion of substances in and out of cells

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7
Q

The rate of diffusion affected by?

A

Surface area available
Temperature
Concentration gradient
Distance

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8
Q

Si la célula es más grande, el oxígeno se tarda más en llegar al oxígeno?

A

Si

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9
Q

As a cell’s size increases, what does increase much more rapidly than its surface area?

A

Its volume

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10
Q

Some cells overcome limitation by being?

A

Long and narrow like neurons

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11
Q

What is the minimum distance two points can be apart and still be distinguished as two separate points?

A

Resolution

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12
Q

What are the types of microscope?

A

Light- uses magnifying lenses with visible light (cosas vivas)
Electron - use beam of electrons (cosas muertas)
Transmission (TEM) - imagen 2D; transmit electrons through the material
Scanning (SEM) - imagen 3D; beam electrons onto the specimen surface

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13
Q

What are the basic structural similarities in cells?

A

Nucleoide o núcleo - DNA está localizado
Citoplasmas- gelatinosa y aguosa
Ribosomes - sintetiza proteínas
Membrana celular o plasma - entrada y salida de materiales (barrera) phospholipid bilayer

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14
Q

Quienes son organismos simples?

A

Célula procariotas

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15
Q

Cuales son los dos dominios de las células procariotas?

A

Archaea ( bacterias extremas)
Bacteria

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16
Q

Que son organelos?

A

Órganos pequeños

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17
Q

Que organelos contienen las células procariotas?

A

Nucleoide porque no tienen un núcleo que está presente el DNA
Pared celular afuera de la membrana celular ( some have peptidoglycan) ( protect, maintain and prevent excessive uptake or loss of water)
Ribosomas
Cytoskeleton- posee moléculas relacionadas a actina y tubulina ( influence shape of cell wall)
Flagella- se usa para locomoción, está presente en algunos, puede ser uno o más

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18
Q

Cuales son las células más complejas?

A

Células eucariotas

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19
Q

What does compartmentalization mean?

A

Organelos tiene diferentes funciones; las células eucariotas son así por el sistema endomembranoso

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20
Q

Ejemplo de una célula que tiene flagella?

A

Espermatozoide

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21
Q

Diferencias entre célula animal o vegetal

A

Animal
1. Centrioles
2. Lisosomas
3. Flagella
Vegetal
1. Vacuole central
2. Cloroplasto
3. Pared celular

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22
Q

Organelle where the genetic information is

A

Nucleus

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23
Q

Organelle where ribosomal RNA synthesis takes place

A

Nucleolus

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24
Q

Control movement in and out of the nucleus

A

Nuclear pores

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25
Two phospholipid bilayers
Nuclear envelope
26
En las células procariotas, los cromosomas son que forma?
Circular
27
Que es cromatina?
Son cromosomas más la proteína y es antes de enrrollarse.
28
En las células eucariotas, los cromosomas son que forma?
Lineal
29
Que son organelos ue sintetizan las proteínas?
Ribosomas y pueden estar libres en el citoplasma o en membranas internas
30
What are series of membranes throughout the cytoplasm that divides cell into compartments?
Endomembrane system
31
Organelos parte del retículo endoplasmico
RER SER Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Microbodies Vacuoles
32
Organelle that ribosomes attach to itself and synthesize proteins to be secreted, sent to lysosomes or plasma membrane .
retículo endoplasmico rugoso
33
Organelle that has relatively few bound ribosomes and synthesize proteins, store Ca ions, detoxificate
Retículo endoplasmico liso
34
Does ratio of RER to SER depends on cell’s function?
Yes
35
La célula del pelo tiene mayor RE rugoso o liso?
rugoso porque tiene queratina
36
La célula en los o varios tiene mayor RE rugoso o liso?
Líos porque son las hormonas sexuales
37
Las células en el hígado tiene mayor RE rugoso o liso?
Liso porque detoxifican
38
Organelo localizado cerca del RE liso, centro de procesamiento de los RER, tiene un cis and trans face and vesicles
Golgi apparatus
39
What are the cis, trans face and the vesicles in golgi?
Cis- la entrada Trans- salida Vesicle - transport molecules within the cell or even outside of it
40
Que organelo contiene enzimas digestivas, sale del golgi, y recicla viejos organelos o digiere celular por phagocytosis
Lisosomas
41
Cuales son las enzimas digestivas y cual es su función?
Carbohidrasas, lipasas, nucleasas, proteasas Romper las macromoléculas
42
Que es macrofago?
Células blancas que fagocitan (capturar y digerir particulas)
43
Que son los microbodies?
Variety of enzyme- bearing, membrane- enclosed vesicles
44
Organelle that is typically found in plants and it’s function depends on the cell type
Vacuoles
45
Different types of vacuoles
1. Central vacuole - almacena agua, pigmentos, iones, etc. 2. Storage vacuoles in plants 3. Contractile vacuole in some fungi and protists - elimina el exceso de agua
46
Similitudes en cloroplastos y mitocondrias
1. Transformadores de energía 2. Doble membrana 3. Propio DNA y Ribosomas 4. Teoría endosimbiotica
47
Found in all types of eukaryotic cells , respiración celular
Mitocondria
48
Organelle present in cells of plants and protists , photosynthesis
Chloroplast
49
Que son las crestas ( cristae)?
Dobleces en la membrana interior de la mitocondria
50
Como se llama el fluido que se encuentra adentro de la mitocondria?
Matrix
51
What are thylakoids?
Sacs with the inner membrane of chloroplast ( chlorophyll, carotenos)
52
What is grana?
Stacks of thylakoids of chloroplasts
53
What is called the inner fluid of chloroplasts?
Stroma
54
What proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts that evolved by a symbiosis between two free living cells?
Endosymbiosis theory
55
Que son redes de fibras proteicas que le dan soporte a la célula y mantiene a los organelos en ciertos lugares?
Cytoskeleton
56
Cuales son los tipos de fibras ?
Microfilaments- (actina) más finitas, menor diámetro, menor grosor Intermediate filaments- diámetro intermedio Microtubules- (tubulin) mayor diámetro
57
Que es la región que rodea los centrioles, organiza microtubulos y se encuentra en la mayoría de las células animales y protistos?
Centrosomes
58
Que son 9 tripletos y 27 microtubulos?
Centrioles
59
Similitudes entre cilia y flagelos
1. Locomoción Arreglo micro tubular ( 9 pares + 2 separados) = 20 microtubulos 3. Estructura interna
60
Diferencias de cilios y flagelos
Cilios 1. Cortos 2. Numerosos 3. Power stroke movement ( wipers) Flagelos 1. Largos 2. Menos numerosos 3. Movimiento seguido ( va con la célula)
61
Where are eukaryotic cell walls present ?
Plants, fungi and some protists Plant and protists cell walls are made of cellulose Fungi cell walls made of chitin
62
Does plant cells have two cell walls?
Yes, they have possibly secondary cell walls
63
What is the middle lamella in plant cell walls?
Function as a glue between cells
64
If animals lack cell walls , what do they have?
Extra cellular matrix ( ECM)
65
Que es la integrina?
No son parte de ECM; los mensajes químicos pasan por ellas y cambia el comportamiento de la célula
66
Función del ECM
Form a protective layer over the cell surface Give messages
67
El ECM está conformado por :
1l fibras de colágeno y elastina 2. Proteoglucanos ( proteínas + azúcares) 3. Fibronectina ( se asocian con integrina)
68
cell connections
1. Adhesive junctions 2. Tight junctions 3. Communicating junctions
69
Que unión resiste estrés mecánico y une cytoskeletons or cells to the ECM; include desmosomes; ex. Cardiac muscle tissue
Adhesive junction
70
Que son caderinas?
Proteínas que unen células a otras por el proceso desmosomas
71
What junction connects the plasma membranes of adjacent cells in a sheet - no leakage? Ex. Célula vejiga
Tight junctions
72
Que unión tiene tubos (proteínas) que pasan info. química, iones, señales ( gap or plasmodesmata)
Communicating junction
73
Who have plasmodesmata?
Plant cells
74
What is plasmodesmata ?
Paso de sustancias de una a otra; función similar que los gap junctions en las células animales

Biology3011 (5 decks)

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