CAP test

Question 1

where does the venous angle lie?

Answer 1

between the subclavian vein and the internal jugular vein.

Question 2

what does the thoracic duct drain into?

Answer 2

left venous angle

Question 3

what does the right lymphatic duct drain into?

Answer 3

right venous angle

Question 4

what drains into the right atrium?

Answer 4

inferior/superior vena cave and the coronary sinus

Question 5

which vein does the intercostal veins from the anterior aspect of the intercostal spaces drain into?

Answer 5

internal thoracic vein

Question 6

which vein does the intercostal veins from the posterior aspect of the intercostal spaces drain into?

Answer 6

azygous vein

Question 7

which layer lies immediately superficial to the myocardium?

Answer 7

visceral serous pericardium

Question 8

what layer is most closely associated with the route of the phrenic nerve through the chest?

Answer 8

fibrous pericardium

Question 9

what is metaplasia?

Answer 9

the change from one mature cell to another

Question 10

what is hyperplasia?

Answer 10

increase in cell number

Question 11

what is neoplasia?

Answer 11

abnormal cell proliferation

Question 12

what is hypoplasia?

Answer 12

decrease in cell number

Question 13

what is dysplasia?

Answer 13

presence of abnormal cells within a tissue

Question 14

which stage of embryogenesis are the germ layers formed?

Answer 14

gastrulation

Question 15

what is morphogenesis?

Answer 15

formation of the body plan

Question 16

what is organogenesis?

Answer 16

development of the primordia of all the organs of the body

Question 17

Is Km high or low when an enzyme has a high affinity for its substrate?

Answer 17

low

Question 18

what enzyme transcribes genetic material?

Answer 18

RNA polymerase

Question 19

what is FiFo ATPase?

Answer 19

a proton pore which utilises the energy yielded from the return of protons along their electrochemical gradient in a condensation reaction with ADP and Pi to yield ATP

Question 20

why do rapidly contracting cells start producing lactic acid?

Answer 20

they require large amounts of energy in the form of ATP. if they can’t produce enough by oxidative phosphorylation these cells require another way of regenerating NAD+, they use lactic acid as a substrate for gluconeogenesis

Question 21

what are partial agonists?

Answer 21

drugs that bind to and activate a given receptor, but have only partial efficacy at the receptor relative to a full agonist

Question 22

what does SBAR stand for?

Answer 22

situation, background, assessment, recommendation

Question 23

what is the most abundant antibody in the blood?

Answer 23

IgG

Question 24

which antibody exists as a dimer and is found in secretions of breast milk, saliva and tears?

Answer 24

IgA

Question 25

which antibody is a pentamer?

Answer 25

IgM

Question 26

what anti-microbial proteins are secreted by epithelial cells at mucosal surfaces?

Answer 26

defensins

Question 27

what are defensins?

Answer 27

small cysteine-rich cationic proteins that can bind to microbial cell membranes and assist in killing cells

Question 28

why is a decrease in circulating blood volume during sepsis?

Answer 28

due to endotoxins causing vasodilatation and intravascular fluid leaking into adjacent tissue

Question 29

which types of organisms are endotoxins part of their cell wall?

Answer 29

gram negative

Question 30

what pathology finding would be found on asthmatic inflammation responsive to corticosteroids?

Answer 30

chronic eosinophilic mucosal inflammation

Question 31

which microbe most commonly causes bronchiolitis?

Answer 31

respiratory syncytial virus

Question 32

what is the underlying pathology of sarcoidosis?

Answer 32

non-caseating granulomas develop in many body organs, including the lungs

Question 33

how do you calculate mean arterial blood pressure?

Answer 33

diastolic pressure + 1/3(systolic-diastolic pressure)

Question 34

leads v2-5 are what region most likely site of infarct?

Answer 34

anterior

Question 35

leads v1-3 are what region most likely site of infarct?

Answer 35

anteroseptal

Question 36

leads v4-6,1,aVL are what region most likely site of infarct?

Answer 36

anterolateral

Question 37

leads II,III,aVF are what region most likely site of infarct?

Answer 37

inferior

Question 38

leads v1-2 are what region most likely site of infarct?

Answer 38

posterior

Question 39

what shape is haemoglobin?

Answer 39

tetramer

Question 40

what is the initial management for SVT?

Answer 40

valsalva manoeuvre

Question 41

the rate of rescue breathing in an adult with a respiratory arrest should be?

Answer 41

10 times per minute

Question 42

what would the pulse rate of a person suffering from shock from blood loss be like?

Answer 42

fast

Question 43

which valvular abnormality produces an ejection systolic murmur?

Answer 43

aortic stenosis

Question 44

what medication helps improve survival in chronic congestive heart failure?

Answer 44

ACE inhibitors

Question 45

what causes the rising phase of depolarisation in contractile ventricular muscle?

Answer 45

fast sodium influx

Question 46

what valvular abnormality is likely to present with a mid-diastolic murmur best heard at the apex of the heart when the patient is in the left lateral position?

Answer 46

mitral stenosis

Question 47

which valvular abnormality causes a pan-systolic murmur best heart at the apex of the heart?

Answer 47

mitral regurgitation

Question 48

what is the plateau phase of action potential causes by?

Answer 48

increased calcium influx

Question 49

what is the repolarisation (phase 3) caused by?

Answer 49

increased potassium efflux

Question 50

what is resistance to blood flow inversely proportional to?

Answer 50

radius of a blood vessel to the power of 4

Question 51

which vessel carries blood from the liver (from the stomach, pancreas and bowel) into the IVC?

Answer 51

hepatic vein

Question 52

which vessel is most inferior of the paired anterolateral branches of the abdominal aorta?

Answer 52

gonadal artery

Question 53

what does the coeliac trunk trifurcate into?

Answer 53

common hepatic, splenic and left gastric arteries

Question 54

what is the most common cause of food poisoning?

Answer 54

campylobacter

Question 55

which organism is associated with food poisoning after eating rice which has been stored too long at room temp?

Answer 55

bacillus cereus

Question 56

which organism infection may lead to haemolytic uraemic syndrome?

Answer 56

E. coli 0157

Question 57

how are GI parasites diagnosed?

Answer 57

microscopy by stool