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Physiology 2 > Capillaries > Flashcards

Capillaries Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Exchange between blood and interstitial fluid

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2
Q

What cells are present in capillaries?

A

Epithelial cells

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3
Q

What makes up micro circulation ?

A

Capillary beds

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4
Q

What is the name of the direct pathway from the arteriole to the venule?

A

Metarteriole

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5
Q

What is the name of the smooth muscle present on the entry to the capillary bed from the arteriole ?

A

Precapillary sphincters

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6
Q

When the precapillary sphincters are closed where does the blood flow ?

A

Through the metarteriole

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7
Q

What is vasomotion?

A

Spontaneous contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle within the precapillary sphincters and the metarterioles

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8
Q

What are the types of capillaries?

A

Continuous
Fenestrated
Discontinuous

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9
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries found?

A

Exocrine glands, endocrine glands, renal glomeruli and intestinal mucosa

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10
Q

Where are discontinuous capillaries found?

A

Liver, spleen and bone marrow

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11
Q

Blank

A

Blank

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12
Q

What are the three ways substances can be exchanged across the capillary wall?

A
  1. Diffusion
  2. Vesicular transport
  3. Bulk flow (ultrafiltration and reabsorption)
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13
Q

How does bulk flow come about ?

A

Due to hydrostatic (pressure exerted from waste of fluid) and osmotic pressures (Starling’s forces)

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14
Q

What is the name given to the main driving force of inwards?

A

Plasma oncotic pressure (due to plasma proteins in the capillary )

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15
Q

What pressure is there in interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure ?

A

1 mmHg

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16
Q

What pressure is there in capillary hydrostatic pressure ?

A

Arteriolar - 37mmHg
Venular - 17mmHg
Mean - 20mmHg

17
Q

What pressure is there in plasma oncotic pressure?

A

25mmHg

18
Q

What are the inward and outward driving pressures?

A

Inward - capillary hydrostatic pressure
interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure

Outward - interstitial fluid oncotic pressure
plasma oncotic pressure

19
Q

How can we tell from the net exchange value that ultrafiltration has taken place?

A

The value is positive and therefore the net is outward (arteriolar end)

20
Q

How can we tell that reabsorption has taken place by looking at the net exchange value?

A

The value is negative and therefore the net is inward (venular end)

21
Q

What happens the bulk flow when vasodilation occurs?

A

The capillary pressure will increase and ultrafiltration takes place longer than the hydrostatic pressure and this results in a net loss of fluid from plasma and expansion of interstitial fluid in tissue - oedema

22
Q

What is an oedema ?

A

Excessive fluid accumulation in interstitium due to alteration in balance of Starling forces

23
Q

What happens when venous pressure increases ?

A

More ultrafiltration than reabsorption and therefore oedema is formed

24
Q

When does increased venous pressure occur?

A

Congestive heart failure

25
Q

When does decreased oncotic pressure occur?

A

Protein deficiency and tissue damage

26
Q

What happens when there is a drop in oncotic pressure

A

Ultrafiltration > reabsorption = oedema

27
Q

What helps reduce oedema?

A

Venous valves
Skeletal muscle pumps (when walking)
Compression socks (increase capillary hydrostatic pressure)

28
Q

What can cause increase capillary pressure ?

A

Vasodilation, heart failure, venous obstruction by clot or tumour

29
Q

What can increase capillary permeability ?

A

Inflammation

30
Q

What do mast cells release?

A

They release histamines which increases the permeability of capillaries

31
Q

What increases the interstitial fluid oncotic pressure?

A

Lymphatic failure / obstruction

32
Q

What can a mosquito bite cause?

A

Elephantiasis

33
Q

Why is oedema life threatening ?

A

It limits exchanges of 02, CO2, nutrients and end products of metabolism by increasing diffusion distances

Physiology 2 (11 decks)

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