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Physiology 2 > RAAS > Flashcards

RAAS Flashcards

1
Q

What does RAAS regulate ?

A

Blood volume

Systemic vascular resistance

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2
Q

What kind of hormones are renin, angiotensin II and aldosterone?

A

Renin - enzymatic hormone
Angiotensin II - peptide hormone
Aldosterone - steroid hormone

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3
Q

What leads to a decrease in blood volume ?

A
  1. Dehydration
  2. Na+ deficiency
  3. Haemorrhage
  4. Hypovolaemia
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4
Q

What secretes renin?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

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5
Q

Where are juxtaglomerular cells located ?

A

Afferent arterioles in the kidneys

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6
Q

What is the function of the kidneys ?

A

To filter the blood

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7
Q

What is the name of the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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8
Q

What is the filtering component of the nephron .

A

Glomerulus

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9
Q

Where do fluids or solutes that are filtered from the blood enter ?

A

Proximal tubule

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10
Q

How is blood brought to the blood?

A

Afforestation arteriole

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11
Q

What type of cells are juxtaglomerular cells?

A

Specialised smooth muscle cells

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12
Q

How is a decrease in perfusion pressure detected ?

A

By baroreceptors

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13
Q

What detects a decrease in Na+ and where is this detected ?

A

Macula dense cells in the DCT

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14
Q

What type of cells are macula dense cells?

A

Specialised epithelial cells

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15
Q

What is there present on the juxtaglomerular cells that respond to noradrenaline?

A

B1- adrenergic receptor

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16
Q

What causes renin to be secreted ?

A
  1. Drop in blood volume
  2. Drop in Na+
  3. Sympathetic stimulation
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17
Q

What produces angiotensinogen ?

A

Plasma protein released by the liver

18
Q

What does ACE do?

A

It converts Ang I to Ang II

19
Q

Where is ACE usually found?

A

Endothelial lining of the vasculature of the lungs

20
Q

Where does Ang II travel to and what does this stimulate ?

A

The adrenal cortex

Aldosterone secretion

21
Q

Where does aldosterone travel and what does it do?

A

To the kidneys
Increases reabsorption of sodium and water
Increases secretion of K+ and H+ in urine

22
Q

What does the increase in Na+ and water reabsorption cause?

A

Increased blood volume causing Bp to return to normal

23
Q

What does Ang II cause in arterioles? What does this cause ?

A

Vasoconstriction

Raises peripheral resistance and blood pressure

24
Q

What can Ang II do?

A
  1. Cause arteriole vasoconstriction by binding to AT1 receptor
  2. Acts on hypothalamus to increase secretion of ADH
  3. Stimulate sympathetic response to increase secretion of noradrenaline
  4. Increase aldosterone secretion
  5. Increase Na+/water reabsorption in PCT/vasoconstriction of renal arterioles
25
Q

Where are AT1 receptors found?

A

Vascular smooth muscle cells
Brain
Kidney
Adrenal cortex

26
Q

What type of receptors are AT1 receptors?

A

G-protein linked receptors that are linked to PL-C in vsmc which leads to increase in Ca++

27
Q

Where are AT2 receptors found?

A

Fetus

Brain

28
Q

What will activation of AT2 receptor do?

A
  1. Antagonise growth effects
  2. Opens K+ channels
  3. Increase NO production
29
Q

What type of receptors are AT2 receptors?

A

G-protein linked to various phosphatases

30
Q

Ang I receptors cause ______

Ang II receptors cause ______

A

Vasoconstriction

Vasodilation

31
Q

What do AngII receptor activation cause to decrease ?

A
  • VSMC proliferation
  • inflammation
  • oxidative stress
  • fibrosis
  • atherosclerosis
  • vascular remodelling
  • ischaemic brain damage
  • insulin resistance

(Same as inhibiting AT1 receptors)

32
Q

What can overactivity of RAAS system cause which would result in hypertension ?

A
  1. Renin-secreting tumour (RARE)
  2. Increase angiotensinogen production
  3. Renal artery stenosis
33
Q

List ways you could have increased angiotensinogen production.

A
  1. Side effect of taking Steroid medication
  2. Excessive cortisol production
  3. Increase oestrogen levels (oral contraceptive pills)
  4. During pregnancy
34
Q

What can suppress RAAS activity ?

A
  1. Inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis (reduces secretion of renin)
  2. Beta adrenergic blockers
  3. Renin inhibitors
  4. ACE Inhibitors
  5. AT receptors antagonists or blockers
35
Q

How do the macula dense cells communicate to the juxtaglomerular cells?

A

Through the production of prostaglandins

36
Q

Give an example of inhibitors for prostaglandin synthesis

A

Indomethacin

37
Q

Give an example of B-adrenergic blockers

A

Propranolol

38
Q

Give an example of renin inhibitors

A

Pepstatin

Enalkiren

39
Q

Give an example of ACE inhibitors

A

Captopril

Enalapril

40
Q

Give an example of AT receptor antagonists or blockers

A

Losarton

41
Q

What do ACE inhibitors do to bradykinin?

A

They decrease the degradation of bradykinin

Physiology 2 (11 decks)

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