Carb I

Question 1

How many days does hemoglobin last in circulation?

Answer 1

120 days

Question 2

How is glucose converted to gluconolactone?

Answer 2

oxidation of the C1 carbon

Question 3

What is formed if hexose is oxidized at its C6 carbon?

Answer 3

uronic acids

Question 4

What can happen to glucose is blood glucose levels are too high?

Answer 4

glucose is directly reduced to sorbitol

Question 5

What is N-acetyl-glucosamine formed from?

Answer 5

fructose-6-phosphate

Question 6

Sulfotransferase can add sulfate groups to what carbons?

Answer 6

C6, C4 or C2

Question 7

What amino acids is aspartame broken down into?

Answer 7

phenylalanine and aspartic acid

Question 8

glycogen synthase transfers a glucose from what molecule to an existing chain of glycogen?

Answer 8

UDP glucose

Question 9

What is the function of UDP glucoronyltransferases?

Answer 9

to transfer glucoronic acid from UDP glucoronate to a variety of non-specific substrates (most importantly bilirubin)

Question 10

How do glycosyltransferases aid to bacteria and fungi?

Answer 10

Aid in the development of their cell wall

Question 11

What contributes to the maltose dimer?

Answer 11

glucose - glucose

Question 12

what contributes to the lactose dimer?

Answer 12

galactose - glucose

Question 13

sucrose dimer?

Answer 13

glucose - fructose

Question 14

What type of bond connects glycogen and starch?

Answer 14

alpha 1-4 linkages

Question 15

What type of connections does glycogen contain?

Answer 15

alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6

Question 16

What types of linkages do plants and fungi employ to link their sugar polymers? Can humans digest these?

Answer 16

beta. No.

Question 17

What are the substituents of starch?

Answer 17

amylose and amylopectin

Question 18

What linkages are featured in glycosaminoglycans?

Answer 18

beta 1-6 and beta 1 - 4

alpha 1-4

Question 19

Starch and glycogen digestion begins with what enzyme?

Answer 19

alpha-amylase

Question 20

What is the method of action for alpha-amylase?

Answer 20

cleaves ALPHA-glycosidic bonds randomly in the middle of molecules

Question 21

What are the two most important activated sugars?

Answer 21

UDP-glucose and UDP-glucoronic acid

Question 22

What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glucose-1-phosphate and UTP into UDP-glucose?

Answer 22

UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase

Question 23

What is the function of glycosyltransferases?

Answer 23

catalyze the the addition of an activated suger molecule to an existing branch polymer

Question 24

How does glycogen synthase function?

Answer 24

glycogen synthase catalyzes the addition of Glucose (from UDP-glucose) onto an existing glycogen molecule

Question 25

Are glycosyltransferases limited to humans?

Answer 25

no. there are bacterial and fungal glycosyltransferases.

Question 26

What is amylose?

Answer 26

A polymer of alpha 1,4-glucose

Question 27

What is the function of SGLT?

Answer 27

activate transport of glucose and galactose into the intestinal epithelial cells

Question 28

What is the function of GLUT2?

Answer 28

to release glucose from intestinal epithelial cells into the blood stream

Question 29

How does fructose enter intestinal epithelial cells?

Answer 29

by facilitated diffusion using GLUT5

Question 30

What is the function of GLUT1 and GLUT3?

Answer 30

basal glucose and galactose uptake by all cell types

Question 31

Where is GLUT4 expressed?

Answer 31

muscle and adipose tissue

Question 32

What can GLUT4 be induced by?

Answer 32

insulin

Question 33

What is hexokinase inhibited by?

Answer 33

glucose 6-phosphate

Question 34

What is the function of galactokinase?

Answer 34

phosphorylation of the C1 of galactose

Question 35

Does glucose 6-phosphate inhibited the action of glucokinase?

Answer 35

no

Question 36

Where is alpha-amylase located?

Answer 36

salivary and pancreatic secretions

Question 37

What are the main breakdown products of alpha-amylase?

Answer 37

maltose and maltotriose

Question 38

What is the function of galactokinase?

Answer 38

Phosphorylates the C1 of galactose prevents galactose from leaving the cell

Question 39

What is a large difference between hexokinase and glucokinase regarding their role in sugar metabolism?

Answer 39

glucokinase is not inhibited by its end product. hexokinase is.