Carb Pt 1

Question 1

What is the most abundant organic molecule in nature

Answer 1

Carbohydrates (CH2O)

Question 2

Functions of carbohydrates

Answer 2

1. Main energy source
2. Storage form of energy
3. Cell membrane components
4. Structural components

Question 3

Where is glycogen found in animals

Answer 3

In muscles and liver

Question 4

What are monosaccharides

Answer 4

Carbohydrates / simple sugars

Question 5

2 ways monosaccharides can be organized

Answer 5

Number of carbon atoms, type of carbonyl group

Question 6

Pentoses have how many carbons and 1 example

Answer 6

5 and Ribose

Question 7

Hexoses have how many carbons and 1 example

Answer 7

6 and glucose

Question 8

Where is the aldehyde group connected

Answer 8

At the end

Question 9

Where is the keto group connected

Answer 9

It is integrated

Question 10

What are isomers and 4 examples

Answer 10

Same chemical formula with different structure, Fructose, glucose, mannose, and galactose

Question 11

Enantiomers

Answer 11

Special type of isomers, mirror images of each other, two types d and l, d is most common

Question 12

D-isomers

Answer 12

OH group on asymmetric carbon is on the right

Question 13

L-isomers

Answer 13

OH group on asymmetric carbon is on the left

Question 14

Isomerases

Answer 14

Enzymes capable of inter convert d and l isomers

Question 15

Glycosidic bonds

Answer 15

Bonds that link sugars

Question 16

Important disaccharides

Answer 16

Lactose (galactose + glucose)
Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
Maltose (Glucose + glucose)

Question 17

What is the difference between cellulose, starch, and Glycogen

Answer 17

Cellulose has b-glucose, starch and glycogen have a-glucose

Question 18

What are glycosides

Answer 18

Carbohydrates connected to non-carbohydrate molecules via glycosidic bonds

Question 19

What is the main comment of RNA/DNA

Answer 19

Nucleosides

Question 20

What is the main comment of membranes

Answer 20

Glycolipids

Question 21

What is the main comment of mucus

Answer 21

Mucin

Question 22

What is mucin

Answer 22

O-glycoside bond polysaccharide attached to protein back

Question 23

What are sugar derivatives

Answer 23

Replacement of a single OH group by another group

Question 24

Glucosamine

Answer 24

Sugar derivatives, amino sugar -> common monosaccharide

Question 25

What is Digestion

Answer 25

Process of breaking down complex nutrients into simple molecules

Question 26

What is absorption

Answer 26

Process of transporting simple molecules across intestine epithelium

Question 27

Lumen

Answer 27

Inside of an organ

Question 28

Mastication

Answer 28

Chewing / breaking down

Question 29

Why can ruminants and other herbivores digest cellulose

Answer 29

Have bacteria in GI track that breaks it down

Question 30

What enzyme starts digestion in the mouth

Answer 30

Salivary alpha-amylase

Question 31

Where does carbohydrate digestion happen

Answer 31

Small intestine (Duodenum)

Question 32

What do pancreatic and enterocyte enzymes do

Answer 32

Break glycosidic bounds

Question 33

Where does Luminal phase of digest occurs

Answer 33

Mouth to small intestine

Question 34

Where is the membranous phase of digestion

Answer 34

the distal duodenum and upper jejunum

Question 35

What are the final products of carbohydrates

Answer 35

Monosaccharides - glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 36

Can glucose be diffused into cells

Answer 36

Only if it is transported by membrane transporters

Question 37

Glut transporters

Answer 37

Passive system, goes down the concentration gradient

Question 38

SGLT-1 transporter

Answer 38

Na+ gradient dependent, can transport glucose against concentration only with Na+

Question 39

Na+/K+ - ATPase pump

Answer 39

Maintains Na+ gradient, energy required