Carbohydrate Metabolism

Question 1

Organic molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms are called?

Answer 1

Carbohydrates

Question 2

The two major types of carbohydrates include both?

Answer 2

Simple sugars

Complex sugars

Question 3

Simple sugars are made up of?

Answer 3

Glucose and fructose etc

Question 4

Complex sugars are made up of?

Answer 4

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

Question 5

The classification of carbohydrates are?

Answer 5

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides

Question 6

Complex sugars are also called?

Answer 6

Polysaccharides

Question 7

Polysaccharides are made up of multiple?

Answer 7

Monosaccharides

Question 8

The two major functions of polysaccharides are?

Answer 8

Serve as energy storage (starch and glycogen)

Serve as structural components (chitin & cellulose)

Question 9

Salivary amylase digests polysaccharides into?

Answer 9

Smaller oligosaccharides

Question 10

Maltose is broken down into__1__ & __2__ by __3__

Answer 10

1. Glucose
2. Glucose
3. Maltase

Question 11

Lactose is broken down into__1__ & __2__ by __3__

Answer 11

1. Galactose
2. Glucose
3. Lactase

Question 12

Sucrose is broken down into__1__ & __2__ by __3__

Answer 12

1. Fructose
2. Glucose
3. Sucrase

Question 13

Amylase is denatured in the stomach by?

Answer 13

HCl

Question 14

The dietary carbohydrates are the?

Answer 14

Monosaccharides

Question 14

The dietary carbohydrates are the?

Answer 14

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

Question 15

Three examples of Monosaccharides are?

Answer 15

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

Question 16

The process by which cells break down fuel molecules through different metabolic pathways to transfer their energy into high energy compounds is called?

Answer 16

Cellular respiration

Question 17

Examples of high energy compounds are?

Answer 17

ATP
GTP
NADH
FADH2
NADPH

Question 18

ATP means?

Answer 18

Adenosine-5-triphosphate

Question 19

GTP means?

Answer 19

Guanosine-5-triphosphate

Question 20

NADH means?

Answer 20

Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Question 21

FADH2 means?

Answer 21

Reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide

Question 22

NADPH means?

Answer 22

Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

Question 23

Why is glucose the body’s most readily available source of energy?

Answer 23

It is relatively rich in potential energy(energy stored in chemical bonds)
It supplies a huge array of metabolic intermediates for biosynthetic reactions
It can be used to produce ATP aerobically or anaerobically from its intercellular storage polymers

Question 24

Glucose has three major pathways of utilisation, namely?

Answer 24

Glucose to pyruvate(oxidation via glycolysis) Glucose to ribose-5-phosphate & NADH(oxidation via PPP) Glucose to polysaccharides

Question 25

What stores excess glucose as glycogen in the liver?

Answer 25

Hepatocytes

Question 26

In glycolysis, a molecule of glucose is converted into?

Answer 26

Two molecules of pyruvate

Question 27

In glycolysis, some of the free energy released from glucose is conserved in the form of?

Answer 27

ATP | NADH

Question 28

The two phases of glycolysis are?

Answer 28

Preparatory phase | Pay-off phase

Question 29

In the preparatory phase of glycolysis, how many molecules of ATP are used?

Answer 29

2

Question 30

In the pay-off phase of glycolysis, how many molecules of ATP are produced?

Answer 30

4

Question 31

The net yield of glycolysis is?

Answer 31

2 ATP | 2 NADH

Question 32

Examples of Phosphorylated derivatives of hexose sugars are?

Answer 32

D-fructose D-mannose D-galactose

Question 33

Hexoses can enter into the glycolytic pathway by being converted into?

Answer 33

A Phosphorylated derivative

Question 34

D-fructose is present in its free from in?

Answer 34

Fruits

Question 35

D-fructose is formed from the ____ in the small intestine

Answer 35

Hydrolysis of sucrose

Question 36

D-fructose is phosphorylated by__1__ to give__2__

Answer 36

1. Hexokinase | 2. fructose-6-phosphate

Question 37

The metabolism of D-fructose occurs in the?

Answer 37

Muscle Kidney Liver

Question 38

In the liver, fructose is phosphorylated by __1__ to give __2__

Answer 38

1. Fructokinase | 2. Fructose-1-phosphate

Question 39

Fructose -1-phosphate is converted into __1__ & __2__ by Fructose -1-phosphate aldolase

Answer 39

1. Glyceraldehyde | 2. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Question 40

Phosphorylated derivatives are also called?

Answer 40

Intermediates of the glycolytic pathway

Question 41

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is converted into __1__ by the glycolytic enzyme __2__

Answer 41

1. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate | 2. Triose phosphate isomerase

Question 42

Glyceraldehyde is converted into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate by?

Answer 42

ATP & triose kinase

Question 43

Fructoses enter the glycolytic pathway at step ___ of glycolysis

Answer 43

5

Question 44

Fructoses enter the glycolytic pathway as?

Answer 44

Fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Question 45

D-mannose can be found in?

Answer 45

Glycoproteins of food | Various polysaccharides

Question 46

D-mannose is phosphorylated by __1__ to give __2__

Answer 46

1. Hexokinase | 2. Mannose-6-phosphate

Question 47

Mannose-6-phosphate is isomerized by ___ to give fructose-6-phosphate

Answer 47

Phosphomannose isomerase

Question 48

Mannose enters the glycolytic pathway at step __ of glycolysis

Answer 48

3

Question 49

Mannose enters glycolysis as?

Answer 49

Fructose-6-phospate

Question 50

Galactose is converted into glucose in the ____ pathway

Answer 50

Leloir

Question 51

Galactose is converted into galactose -1-phosphate by?

Answer 51

Galactokinase

Question 52

UDP galactose is converted into UDP glucose by?

Answer 52

UDP glucose epimerase

Question 53

galactose -1-phosphate is converted into UDP galactose by?

Answer 53

Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase

Question 54

3 problems of galactose metabolism are?

Answer 54

Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency Galactokinase deficiency Uridine diphosphate-galactose-4-epimerase deficiency

Question 55

The inability of the body to use galactose to produce energy is called?

Answer 55

Galactosemia

Question 56

Galactosemia is a rare disease in?

Answer 56

Infants

Question 57

Classical Galactosemia is caused by the deficiency of?

Answer 57

Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase

Question 58

Galactosemia is inherited as ?

Answer 58

Autosomal recessive disorder

Question 59

Mutation in the ___ on chromosome 9 is responsible for galactosemia

Answer 59

GALT gene

Question 60

Increased galactose levels in the urine is called?

Answer 60

Galactosuria

Question 61

Accumulated galactose is diverted for the production of___ by the enzyme aldol reductase

Answer 61

Galactitol

Question 62

Galactitol has been implicated in the development of?

Answer 62

Cataract

Question 63

Galactitol and galactose-1-phosphate accumulation in body tissues leads to ___ in their functions

Answer 63

Impairment

Question 64

Four clinical symptoms of galactosemia are?

Answer 64

Jaundice Mental retardation Weight loss(infants) Cataract (severe cases)

Question 65

The diagnosis of galactosemia is done by measuring galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase activity in the?

Answer 65

Erythrocytes

Question 66

The treatment of galactosemia is carried out by?

Answer 66

Supplying diet lacking in galactose and lactose

Question 67

Galactokinase deficiency or GALK is caused by?

Answer 67

Mutation of GALK1 gene

Question 68

GALK symptom is?

Answer 68

Cataract

Question 69

GALK is treated by?

Answer 69

Eating food lacking galactose and lactose

Question 70

Uridine diphosphate galactose-4-epimerase deficiency (GALE) symptoms are?

Answer 70

Cataracts Liver disease Kidney problems

Question 71

GALE is caused by?

Answer 71

Mutation in GALE gene

Question 72

Non- classical galactosemia is caused by?

Answer 72

Deficiency of UDP galactose-4-epimerase