carbohydrate structure Flashcards
what are carbohydrates and what is their general formula
hydrates of carbons, aldehydes/ketones with multiple hydroxy groups
Cn(H2O)n where n>3
list 6 classifications of caarbohydrates
aldose (aldehydes)
ketose (ketones)
triose (3 carbons)
tetrose (4 carbons)
pentose
hexose
what is the general rule to calculate the number of isomers of a molecule
2^n where n is the number of chiral carbons
what are hemiacetals/hemiketals
ring closure of aldoses or ketoses
what is the carbon in a hemiacetal/hemiketal called
anomeric carbon (the carbon that joined the ring together)
difference between alpha and beta carbohydrates (eg. glucose like alevels)
alpha- OH on anomeric carbon is trans (same side)
beta- OH on anomeric carbon is cis (opposite side)
what are conformers
configurations of molecules that are interconvertible without breaking a bond
name the types of conformers
boat and chair form
how are molecules with glycosidic bonds named
molecule 1 (1-4) molecule 2
the (1-4) is the number of the carbon that has the OH that created the glycosidic bond
what are mono,di,tri,oligo,polysaccharides
monosaccharides- 1 carbohydrate
disaccharide- 2 carbohydrates joined via glycosidic bonds
trisaccharide- 3
oligosaccharide- short amount like 3 to 9 idk
polysaccharide- multiple carbohydrates
what are homopolysaccharides and heteropolysaccharide
homopolysaccharide- contains only 1 type of monosaccharide
heteropolysaccharide- contains more than 1 type of monosaccharides
both can be branched and unbranched
name 2 polysaccharides that are energy storage forms
starch, glycogen
describe the structure of starch
branched homopolymer of glucose, branches every 24-30 residues, (a1-4) for linear sections and (a1-6) for branching points
examples of polysaccharides
starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
what is the advantage of storing glucose in glycogen form
enzymes can act on several ends simultaneously which speeds up the conversion of glycogen to glucose, glucose conc inside cells remain low, prevents osmotic entry of water which damages/ruptures cells, no need to transport glucose from low to high conc gradient