carbohydrate structure Flashcards

1
Q

what are carbohydrates and what is their general formula

A

hydrates of carbons, aldehydes/ketones with multiple hydroxy groups

Cn(H2O)n where n>3

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2
Q

list 6 classifications of caarbohydrates

A

aldose (aldehydes)
ketose (ketones)
triose (3 carbons)
tetrose (4 carbons)
pentose
hexose

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3
Q

what is the general rule to calculate the number of isomers of a molecule

A

2^n where n is the number of chiral carbons

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4
Q

what are hemiacetals/hemiketals

A

ring closure of aldoses or ketoses

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5
Q

what is the carbon in a hemiacetal/hemiketal called

A

anomeric carbon (the carbon that joined the ring together)

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6
Q

difference between alpha and beta carbohydrates (eg. glucose like alevels)

A

alpha- OH on anomeric carbon is trans (same side)
beta- OH on anomeric carbon is cis (opposite side)

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7
Q

what are conformers

A

configurations of molecules that are interconvertible without breaking a bond

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8
Q

name the types of conformers

A

boat and chair form

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9
Q

how are molecules with glycosidic bonds named

A

molecule 1 (1-4) molecule 2

the (1-4) is the number of the carbon that has the OH that created the glycosidic bond

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10
Q

what are mono,di,tri,oligo,polysaccharides

A

monosaccharides- 1 carbohydrate
disaccharide- 2 carbohydrates joined via glycosidic bonds
trisaccharide- 3
oligosaccharide- short amount like 3 to 9 idk
polysaccharide- multiple carbohydrates

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11
Q

what are homopolysaccharides and heteropolysaccharide

A

homopolysaccharide- contains only 1 type of monosaccharide

heteropolysaccharide- contains more than 1 type of monosaccharides

both can be branched and unbranched

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12
Q

name 2 polysaccharides that are energy storage forms

A

starch, glycogen

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13
Q

describe the structure of starch

A

branched homopolymer of glucose, branches every 24-30 residues, (a1-4) for linear sections and (a1-6) for branching points

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14
Q

examples of polysaccharides

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

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15
Q

what is the advantage of storing glucose in glycogen form

A

enzymes can act on several ends simultaneously which speeds up the conversion of glycogen to glucose, glucose conc inside cells remain low, prevents osmotic entry of water which damages/ruptures cells, no need to transport glucose from low to high conc gradient

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16
Q

describe structure of glycogen

A

branched homopolymer of glucose, branches every 8-12 residues, (a1-4) for linear sections and (a1-6) for branching points

main energy storeage form fo ranimals, present in liver and skeletal muscle

17
Q

describe the links for cellulose and chitin

A

cellulose- homopolymer of glucose, (b1-4) links

chitin- homopolymer of glucose, (b1-4) links, at carbon 2 the OH is substituted with an acetylated amine group