carbohydrate structure

Question 1

what are carbohydrates and what is their general formula

Answer 1

hydrates of carbons, aldehydes/ketones with multiple hydroxy groups

Cn(H2O)n where n>3

Question 2

list 6 classifications of caarbohydrates

Answer 2

aldose (aldehydes)
ketose (ketones)
triose (3 carbons)
tetrose (4 carbons)
pentose
hexose

Question 3

what is the general rule to calculate the number of isomers of a molecule

Answer 3

2^n where n is the number of chiral carbons

Question 4

what are hemiacetals/hemiketals

Answer 4

ring closure of aldoses or ketoses

Question 5

what is the carbon in a hemiacetal/hemiketal called

Answer 5

anomeric carbon (the carbon that joined the ring together)

Question 6

difference between alpha and beta carbohydrates (eg. glucose like alevels)

Answer 6

alpha- OH on anomeric carbon is trans (same side)
beta- OH on anomeric carbon is cis (opposite side)

Question 7

what are conformers

Answer 7

configurations of molecules that are interconvertible without breaking a bond

Question 8

name the types of conformers

Answer 8

boat and chair form

Question 9

how are molecules with glycosidic bonds named

Answer 9

molecule 1 (1-4) molecule 2

the (1-4) is the number of the carbon that has the OH that created the glycosidic bond

Question 10

what are mono,di,tri,oligo,polysaccharides

Answer 10

monosaccharides- 1 carbohydrate
disaccharide- 2 carbohydrates joined via glycosidic bonds
trisaccharide- 3
oligosaccharide- short amount like 3 to 9 idk
polysaccharide- multiple carbohydrates

Question 11

what are homopolysaccharides and heteropolysaccharide

Answer 11

homopolysaccharide- contains only 1 type of monosaccharide

heteropolysaccharide- contains more than 1 type of monosaccharides

both can be branched and unbranched

Question 12

name 2 polysaccharides that are energy storage forms

Answer 12

starch, glycogen

Question 13

describe the structure of starch

Answer 13

branched homopolymer of glucose, branches every 24-30 residues, (a1-4) for linear sections and (a1-6) for branching points

Question 14

examples of polysaccharides

Answer 14

starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

Question 15

what is the advantage of storing glucose in glycogen form

Answer 15

enzymes can act on several ends simultaneously which speeds up the conversion of glycogen to glucose, glucose conc inside cells remain low, prevents osmotic entry of water which damages/ruptures cells, no need to transport glucose from low to high conc gradient

Question 16

describe structure of glycogen

Answer 16

branched homopolymer of glucose, branches every 8-12 residues, (a1-4) for linear sections and (a1-6) for branching points

main energy storeage form fo ranimals, present in liver and skeletal muscle

Question 17

describe the links for cellulose and chitin

Answer 17

cellulose- homopolymer of glucose, (b1-4) links

chitin- homopolymer of glucose, (b1-4) links, at carbon 2 the OH is substituted with an acetylated amine group