gluconeogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

what is gluconeogenesis

A

making glucose/generation of new sugar

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2
Q

what is pentose phosphate pathway

A

pathway leading to the generation of pentose phosphates

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3
Q

describe ethanol fermentation in yeast and the enzymes and cofactors used

A

pyruvate to acetaldehyde to ethanol

enzymes- pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase (reduces aldehyde group to alcohol, NADH dependent)

starts with end product of glycolysis, occurs in absence of oxygen, yeast generates ethanol from pyruvate

cofactors- thiamine pyrophosphate and magnesium

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4
Q

what is ADH and ALDH

A

ADH- alcohol dehydrogenase
ALDH- acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

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5
Q

describe the breakdown of booze

A

ethanol to ethanal/acetaldehyde to ethanoic acid/acetic acid

enzymes for each step- ADH and ALDH

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6
Q

what causes alcohol flush

A

different variants of alcohol and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, ADH1B is very efficient in converting ethanol to acetaldehyde but ALD2 is defective in metabolising acetaldehyde, so build up of acetaldehyde makes you red, body cant fully metabolise acetaldehyde so capillaries in face/neck/shoulders dilate (red)

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7
Q

what is the co-enzyme form of vitamin B1 and describe the structure

A

thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), has 2 phosphate groups attached

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8
Q

name 3 metabolic pathways where TPP (thiamine pyrophosphate) is involved

A

ethanol fermentation, krebs cycle, pentose phosphate pathway

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9
Q

what is a vitamin B1 deficiency called and what are its risk factors/causes and symptoms

A

called beriberi

risk factors- malnutrition, alcoholism

symptoms- swelling in leg/foot/ankle, muscle wasting, numbness, neuropathy, cardiac impairment, death

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10
Q

what enzyme catalyses lactic acid fermentation (pyruvate to lactate)

A

lactate dehydrogenase

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11
Q

what does lactate dehydrogenase do

A

converts pyruvate to lactate, NADH dependent, reduces keto gourp into lactic acid, strongly exergonic reaction

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12
Q

where is lactic acid fermentation used

A

yogurt, kimchi, sourdough

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13
Q

what is the cori cycle

A

cycle of glucose and lactate from muscle and liver

muscles-ATP produced by glycolysis for rapid contractions
liver-ATP used in synthesis of glucose in gluconeogenesis during recovery

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14
Q
A
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