Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NUTR 315 > Carbohydrates (1/22) > Flashcards

Carbohydrates (1/22) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the chemical structure for carbohydrates?

A

Cn(H2O)n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are different health issues that are related to carbs?

A

diabetes mellitus, hypoglycemia, disaccharidase deficiencies, dental caries, galactosemia, and glycogen storage disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the main types of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are examples of monosaccharides?

A

glucose, fructose, and galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are examples of disaccharides?

A

sucrose, lactose, and maltose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are examples of polysaccharides?

A

starches (amylose and amylopectin), cellulose, glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What two monosaccharides make up sucrose?

A

glucose and fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What two monosaccharides make up lactose?

A

glucose and galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What two monosaccharides make up maltose?

A

2 glucose units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What sugar is sweeter than sucrose?

A

fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why can we use a small amount of alternative sweeteners?

A

This is due to them being 100x sweeter than regular sucrose so we dont need to use as much

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the structure for amylose?

A

a very long straight chain of glucose hooked by alpha-1,4 bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the structure for amylopectin?

A

has branches due to some alpha-1,6 bonds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the difference between cellulose and amylose?

A

They are the similar, but glucose is hooked by beta-1,4 bonds instead of the alpha-1,4 bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the difference between glucose and amylopectin?

A

They are the same, but glycogen is more branched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is dietary fiber?

A

nondigestible carbohydrates and lignin that are intrinsic and intact in plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is functional fiber?

A

isolated, non-digestible carbohydrates that have beneficial physiological effects in humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is total fiber?

A

the sum of dietary fiber and functional fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How is starch digested?

A

in the mouth amylase is provided in the saliva to help start the break down. in the small intestine, pancreatic amylase breaks down the starch to maltose where maltase breaks the maltose into glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How is maltose digested?

A

in the small intestine maltase breaks it down into glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How is sucrose digested?

A

small amounts of sucrose in the stomach react with HCl which breaks it down into glucose and fructose. the rest goes into the small intestine where it is broken down by sucrase into glucose and fructose

22
Q

How is lactose digested?

A

in the small intestine by lactase into glucose and galactose

23
Q

How are most carbohydrates absorbed?

A

through active transport

24
Q

What is some dietary fiber metabolized by?

A

colonic bacteria

25
Q

What does dietary fiber play an important role in?

A

intestinal function

26
Q

What should the fasting level of blood glucose be?

A

70-110 mg/dl

27
Q

What happens when the blood glucose is 160-180 mg/dl?

A

glucose is excreted in the urine

28
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

glycogen synthesis

29
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

glycogen breakdown

30
Q

What is lipogenesis?

A

fatty acid synthesis

31
Q

What is transamination?

A

amino acid synthesis

32
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

amino acid degradation

33
Q

What are the steps of blood glucose regulation?

A

elevated blood glucose than pancreas releases insulin then the glucose is transported into cells and the conversion of glucose into glycogen. if blood glucose is too low than the pancreas releases glucagon which causes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose and causes an increased synthesis of glucose

34
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

glucose is catabolized to 2 pyruvic acids

35
Q

What are characteristics of glycolysis?

A

anaerobic cytoplasmic, and reversible

36
Q

What is oxidative decarboxylation?`

A

pyruvate is catabolyzed to acetyl Co

A

37
Q

What is the citric acid cycle?

A

acetyl CoA is catabolized into CO2 and H20

38
Q

What are characteristics of the citric acid cycle?

A

aerobic, mitochondrial, and irreversible

39
Q

What happens during reduction?

A

gains electrons

40
Q

What happens during oxidation?

A

loss of electrons

41
Q

What is the RDA for carbohydrate?

A

130 g/d

42
Q

What is the AI for dietary fiber in men?

A

38 g/d

43
Q

What is the AI for dietary fiber in women?

A

25 g/d

44
Q

What is the energy from carbohydrates?

A

4 kcal/g

45
Q

What is the glycemic index?

A

ratio of blood glucose response to a given food in comparison to a standard

46
Q

What is the glycemic load?

A

glycemic index multiplied times the grams of carbohydrate in 1 serving

47
Q

What are symptoms of disaccharidase deficiencies?

A

abdominal cramps, watery diarrhea, and bloating

48
Q

What are the more common disaccharidase’s to have a deficiency?

A

lactase and sucrase

49
Q

What is galactosemia?

A

its a genetic disease that causes the inability to convert galactose to glucose so that galactose is in the blood

50
Q

What happens when galactose is in the blood?

A

bacterial infections, mental retardation, and cataracts

51
Q

What is the glycogen storage disease?

A

a genetic disease that causes the inability to convert glycogen to glucose in the liver

52
Q

What are side effects of glycogen storage disease?

A

poor physical growth, low blood glucose, and liver enlargement

NUTR 315 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions