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NUTR 315 > Scientific Method (1/12) > Flashcards

Scientific Method (1/12) Flashcards

1
Q

What is science?

A

the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment

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2
Q

T/F: science is knowledge that is repeatable, predictable and testable

A

true

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3
Q

What are examples of scientific contributions to nutrition science?

A

chemistry, biology, and public health

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4
Q

What is translational science?

A

a discipline within biomedical and public health research that aims to improve the health of individuals and the community by “translating: findings into diagnostic tools, medicines, procedures, policies, and education

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5
Q

What are the levels of translational science?

A

T0, T1, T2, T3, T4

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6
Q

What is T0?

A

basic research

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7
Q

What is T1?

A

translation to human

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8
Q

What is T2?

A

translation to patients

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9
Q

What is T3?

A

translation to practice

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10
Q

What is T4?

A

translation community

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11
Q

What makes up the translation from basic science to human studies?

A

T0, T1, T2

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12
Q

What makes up the translation of new data into the clinic and health decision making?

A

T3, T4

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13
Q

What are the steps in the scientific method?

A
  1. observations made and questions asked. 2. hypothesis generated. 3. research experiments conducted. 4. findings evaluated by other scientists and published. 5. follow-up experiments conducted to confirm or extend the findings. 6. accept or reject hypothesis
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14
Q

What do descriptive observational studies focus on?

A

defining scope of problem

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15
Q

What is an example of descriptive observational studies?

A

ecological

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16
Q

What do analytical observational studies focus on?

A

relationships, comparison

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17
Q

What are examples of analytic observational studies?

A

cross-sectional studies, case-control studies, cohort studies (prospective and retrospective)

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18
Q

What do experimental studies focus on?

A

cause/effect

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19
Q

What is an example of experimental studies?

A

intervention trials

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20
Q

What is an example of intervention trials?

A

clinical trial (randomized controlled trial (RCT))

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21
Q

What are some design styles of intervention trials?

A

independent measures, repeated measure, and matched pairs

22
Q

What are independent measures?

A

two groups, randomly assigned, two treatments

23
Q

What are repeated measure?

A

one group, each person gets both treatments, random order, each person can serve as his/her own control

24
Q

What are matched pairs?

A

pairs with similar age, sex, etc., one assigned to each group randomly

25
Q

Who may experimental study designs be used among?

A

animals (animal studies), humans (human studies), and populations (epidemiology)

26
Q

What is ecological designs?

A

association between a risk factor and a disease outcome at the population level or group level rather than individual level data

27
Q

What does analytical studies determine?

A

extent of link between exposure and outcome

28
Q

What are examples of cross-sectional study designs?

A

national/regional/local surveys

29
Q

What does cross-sectional study designs create?

A

a “snapshot” of an existing disease and factors that may be associated, measures at one point in time

30
Q

What are case-control study designs?

A

sampling with regard to disease or outcome

31
Q

What is the difference between cases and controls?

A

the cases have the disease, the controls do not

32
Q

Should cases be selected dependently or independently of exposure?

A

independently

33
Q

What are the controls?

A

a direct random sample of the “source population” from which the cases originated

34
Q

Should controls be sampled dependently or independently of exposure?

A

independently

35
Q

What is the prospective study design?

A

sampling with regard to exposure, characteristic, or suspected cause, followed forward in time to see who gets disease

36
Q

What is the retrospective study design?

A

evaluate association between exposure and disease in sample where both have already occurred, quantify reported events of the past

37
Q

What is the randomized controlled trial study design?

A

randomized individual or group assigned to treatment or non-treatment group

38
Q

What are examples of randomized controlled trial study design?

A

CATCH (child and adolescent trial for cardiovascular health) and community/school/group trials (community, school, or group assignment)

39
Q

What is a control group?

A

as similar to the experimental group as possible

40
Q

What is sample size?

A

the size adequate to allow conclusions to be made in spite of inherent variability

41
Q

What are blinded experiments?

A

subjects or subjects and researchers do not know treatment groups

42
Q

What are Hill’s criteria for causal inference?

A
  1. strength of association, 2. consistency, 3. specificity, 4. temporality, 5. biologic gradient, 6. plausibility, 7. coherence, 8. experimental evidence, and 9. analogy
43
Q

What is the rationale for strength of association?

A

strong associations are more likely to be causal than weak associations

44
Q

What is the rationale for consistency?

A

a causal association should be consistent across various study designs

45
Q

What is the rationale for specificity?

A

the rationale is quite controversial int that this tenet presumes that one cause is responsible for one effect, but we see clear evidence of redundancy in many biological systems

46
Q

What is the rationale for temporality?

A

the theoretical cause must precede the effect

47
Q

What is the rationale for biologic gradient?

A

the ability to demonstrate a dose-response relationship. note this quality may not always be present

48
Q

What is the rationale for plausibility?

A

is there a scientific justification for the relationship between cause and effect? clearly this is a constantly evolving issue, such as the current evolving science in nutritional genomics where the consequences or for example genetic polymorphisms is not be known

49
Q

What is the rationale for coherence?

A

the central tenants of the causal association fit with other known characteristics of the cause and the effect

50
Q

What is the rationale for experimental evidence?

A

the existence of randomized controlled trials

51
Q

What is the rationale for analogy?

A

this element may be more the art of research than pure science. it refers to insight into the causal pathways and is considered a more controversial criterion because scientists are generally individuals of great creativity

52
Q

What are the three major RCR issues?

A

fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism

NUTR 315 (22 decks)

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